This thesis adds a new chapter to the environmental history of Dutch Essequibo and Demerara in the second half of the eighteenth century. Mainly using Dutch maps, plans and reports, this paper...Show moreThis thesis adds a new chapter to the environmental history of Dutch Essequibo and Demerara in the second half of the eighteenth century. Mainly using Dutch maps, plans and reports, this paper studies how Dutch knowledge of hydraulic engineering was reflected in their construction projects in the wet tropical Guianas. It examines the construction processes, structure and layout of canals, plantations, fortifications and towns. The hydraulic engineering of these projects is compared to practices in the Netherlands, Europe and European colonies, to determine whether it was as typically Dutch and unique as scholars often assume. The paper concludes that although the construction projects were planned in such a way that these fit well with the wet natural environment of the Guianas, the hydraulic engineering was neither unique nor typically Dutch. Instead, the projects resembled practices in other European colonies more closely than Dutch practices. The hydraulic engineering was therefore not the result of Dutch experience in water management, but rather the result of the environment of Essequibo and Demerara that forced the British, French and Dutch inhabitants to adapt to it.Show less
During the last decades of the 20th century, women have been dismantling traditional gender roles and structures in democracies in every aspect of life - ranging from domestics to politics. During...Show moreDuring the last decades of the 20th century, women have been dismantling traditional gender roles and structures in democracies in every aspect of life - ranging from domestics to politics. During the last decades of the 20th century, women have been dismantling traditional gender roles and structures in democracies in every aspect of life - ranging from domestics to politics. Ironically, this trend has been particularly evident in the Caribbean. It is the goal of this thesis to enhance current knowledge on this topic by conducting a three-part case study of Curacao, Guyana and Haiti, nation-states with varying colonial histories, governmental systems, and cultures to reveal pathways and contexts to power. This thesis seeks to establish a better understanding of how pathways to power and contexts interact in unison, resulting for the Caribbean paradox, particularly through the use of feminist theory.Show less
In the early 1740's the plantation colonies Essequebo and Demerary, owned by the Dutch West-India Company were opened up for foreign settlement. Mainly British planters took advantage of the...Show moreIn the early 1740's the plantation colonies Essequebo and Demerary, owned by the Dutch West-India Company were opened up for foreign settlement. Mainly British planters took advantage of the situation, and in the following 40 years they formed a significant presence in the colonies. During the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War the British temporarily took possession of the colonies, and the colonies would become permanently British in 1814. The thesis investigates the British-Dutch relations in Essequebo and Demerary, between 1740 and 1781. Why did British visitors come to the colonies, what was the status of British planters, did the British comply with Dutch regulations? How did the Dutch feel about the British? British traders frequently visited the colonies to buy rum and molasses, British privateers hunted for visiting American ships. The status of British planters did not differ significantly from the status of Dutch planters, although they were banned from some administrative positions. The British generally abided by Dutch laws, except the prohibition of buying slaves from none-Dutch slavers. Large amounts of slaves were bought from British slavers, severely annoying the WIC directors, who were otherwise pleased with the British planters because they helped the colonies grow.Show less
Research master thesis | History: Societies and Institutions (research) (MA)
open access
A system of subprime plantation mortgages was created by the Dutch in the second half of the 18th century. A credit structure was set up that would link Dutch investors with their West Indian...Show moreA system of subprime plantation mortgages was created by the Dutch in the second half of the 18th century. A credit structure was set up that would link Dutch investors with their West Indian colonies, by providing plantation mortgages (called negotiaties) for those dreaming of becoming planters. Interest rates were high: attractive for investors, but all too cumbersome for the new plantation owners. Many planters, mostly producing coffee, could not repay their loans, leading to the demise of the system as many bankrupt planters returned home and investors lost their capital. That is the case in Suriname at least, because in the near-by colonies of Essequibo and Demerara the plantation economy had only just took-off and continued to expand. This thesis tries to explain that divergence, next to identifying the winners and losers in the system and testing several explanatory concepts in order to gain a better conceptual understanding of the negotiatie structure. Results are that winners and losers were different than previously thought: investors could still be winners, while the fund managers could easily be losers. Additionally, the negotiatie system should be termed a classic mania, that could persist only for a limited time because of the Ponzi aspects, visible in the need for continuous refinancing. Lastly, the plantation mortgage structure could be seen as a failed transition to modernity, one that tried to bridge the commercial and financial interest of the Dutch economy, but was too much rooted in mercantilist thought. This was less the case for Essequibo and Demerara, where an open, but partly illegal, connection with the rest of the Atlantic was more important than the obligatory relationship with the metropolis. Next to legal supplies, illegal trade occurred on a large scale and proved crucial for the development of the two colonies.Show less
