Scholars tend to agree that moderation of radical groups stems from inclusionary tactics in the democratic process. However, there is evidence that counterinsurgency measures and exclusion could...Show moreScholars tend to agree that moderation of radical groups stems from inclusionary tactics in the democratic process. However, there is evidence that counterinsurgency measures and exclusion could also facilitate moderation. Therefore, this paper asks: ‘How do foreign counterinsurgency measures facilitate moderation of radical groups?’ The case study of the Lebanese Islamist group Hizballah, the Party of God, will be used to test the theory on collective angst, fear, and survival concerns resulting from counterinsurgency measures. Through a qualitative approach of applying process tracing to primary and secondary sources, this paper finds support for the argument that collective angst as a result of foreign counterinsurgency results in radical groups moderating their ideology.Show less
Hizballah is a Lebanon-based terrorist organisation that has been establishing ties with Latin America in the form of activities that generate funds for the organisation. This thesis argues that...Show moreHizballah is a Lebanon-based terrorist organisation that has been establishing ties with Latin America in the form of activities that generate funds for the organisation. This thesis argues that these financial activities are part of the transnational world as being finanscapes, and that, according to the natural systems model proposed in terrorism studies, they have contributed to the success of the terrorist organisation.Show less
