This thesis explores the role of the Dutch online media outlet NU.nl in holding the intelligence agency AIVD accountable for unlawful conduct during the utilisation of the upgraded ISS act 2017....Show moreThis thesis explores the role of the Dutch online media outlet NU.nl in holding the intelligence agency AIVD accountable for unlawful conduct during the utilisation of the upgraded ISS act 2017. This is an important issue due to the gap in literature and the increasing importance of media in society. Furthermore, the ISS act has caused public outcry in the Netherlands and citizens fear for their privacy and rights. The watchdog of the AIVD, CTIVD has published four reports investigating their conduct. Using these reports a benchmark of issues is created as indicator of good reporting to enhance accountability. This thesis has chosen to analyse the amount of coverage these issues receive in the media articles in 2018 and compare it to the occurrence of the issues in the reports. Limitations of this study are the lack of linguistic and contextual comparison and the lack of consideration of political affiliation of the news outlet. Furthermore, the CTIVD reports are considered as the ideal way to report in order to maximise intelligence accountable, which neglects the imperfection of the organisation. This paper concludes that in the 17 news articles that contain one or more of the benchmark issue(s), 6 out of the 8 relevant issues (75%) were extensively reported on in the media when comparing to the CTIVD reports resulting in a positive effect on the media’s ability to hold the AIVD accountable. Therefore, this thesis argues that the ability of the media to hold the AIVD accountable in news articles that cover the unlawful conduct is very high.Show less
A single party ruled Mexico for over 70 years, despite having a constitution and a revolution to implement it. The role of the intelligence services in the democratization process of Mexico is...Show moreA single party ruled Mexico for over 70 years, despite having a constitution and a revolution to implement it. The role of the intelligence services in the democratization process of Mexico is largely ignored and lacks academic resources. How were the intelligence services in Mexico formed? How were they affected by the democratization of Mexico? What role did the Mexican intelligence services play in the democratic transition? How is intelligence understood in the Mexican context? What are the challenges that the services have and is facing? This thesis seeks to answer these questions by using qualitative methodology. The concepts of National Security, Intelligence and Federalism are used to analyze the sources consulted Keywords search in academic databases was conducted in order to recomplicate the available sources. An interview with a former operative was also conducted, in order to fill the gaps in the available knowledge compendium and to give a professional opinion on several matters pertaining the role of the services throughout history. The lack of professionalization, a clear legal mandate, and a cohesive intelligence community have been important factors that have affected the Mexican intelligence services throughout its history.Show less
This study examines the extent to which the Multilateral Intelligence Cooperation (MIC) model can account for the increase in intelligence cooperation between European Union Member States (EU MS)...Show moreThis study examines the extent to which the Multilateral Intelligence Cooperation (MIC) model can account for the increase in intelligence cooperation between European Union Member States (EU MS) in the field of counterterrorism. It is an explanatory deductive study employing qualitative methods, more specifically process-tracing, using data obtained from interviews and analysis of primary and secondary sources. The Madrid 2004 bombings and November 2015 Paris attacks are used as case studies to provide in-depth analysis of the MIC framework. The findings indicate that the driver internal demand contributes significantly to a MS’ decision to engage in intelligence exchange. The other two drivers, external pressure and cooperative momentum, are clearly discernible but have a smaller impact. Additionally, this research examines the MIC model’s limitations and discusses alternative factors crucial for establishing effective multilateral intelligence cooperation.Show less
Recent research focuses on understanding the relationship between intelligence and psychopathy. However, many inconsistent results are found. On top of that, the information on how individuals with...Show moreRecent research focuses on understanding the relationship between intelligence and psychopathy. However, many inconsistent results are found. On top of that, the information on how individuals with psychopathy could be helped optimally, is still limited. The current study investigated the relationship between intelligence and the three domains of psychopathy: the affective, interpersonal, and behavioral dimension. A second topic of interest was the possible moderation effect of conduct disorder on the relationship between intelligence and the three dimensions of psychopathy. A sample of adolescents with and without conduct disorder was used to answer the question whether there is a relationship between intelligence and the three domains of psychopathy and whether conduct disorder moderates these three relationships (N = 89, Mage = 17.1, SDage = 1.33). The participants were asked to fill in the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to decide if the participants were meeting the criteria for the classification of conduct disorder or not, and to complete some tasks of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (third edition) or the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (third edition) to estimate the general intelligence. To answer the research question six regression analyses were performed. Socioeconomic status was considered as a control variable within every regression analysis. After performing the regression analyses only one result was found to be significant: the moderation effect of intelligence X conduct disorder on the relationship between intelligence and the affective dimension of psychopathy. There appeared to be a crossover interaction in which the relationship between intelligence and the affective dimension of psychopathy is positive when someone has the classification of conduct disorder and in which the relationship between intelligence and the affective dimension of psychopathy is negative when someone doesn’t have conduct disorder.Show less
Objective: The goal of this research was to describe the intellectual and social capacities of children with externalizing behavior problems, who are at risk of developing criminal behavior....Show moreObjective: The goal of this research was to describe the intellectual and social capacities of children with externalizing behavior problems, who are at risk of developing criminal behavior. Externalizing behavior problems, low cognitive-social skills and low intelligence have been found as a risk factor for criminal behavior. However, only few studies have examined these factors for children who show externalizing behavior problems and are at risk for developing criminal behavior. Method: The high-risk children were recruited through an early identification and intervention project of the city of Amsterdam (N=188, 80.3% boys). The control group was recruited from children who attend the same schools as the high-risk children (N=43, 74.4% boys). Children included in the research were 7- to 12-years-old. To measure their externalizing behavior problems, teachers were asked to fill out a form (TRF). During a screening, children were asked questions about stories to measure social-cognitive skills. Intelligence was measured with the WISC-III. Results: A negative, weak association was found between intelligence and externalizing behavior problems. A positive, moderate association was found between intelligence and social-cognitive skills. No mediation effect of social-cognitive skills on the associations between intelligence and externalizing behavior problems was found. Conclusions: In developing and identifying interventions for children who have externalizing behavior problems, it is important to take their intellectual and social capacities in mind. The implications for early intervention for children who are at risk of developing criminal behavior are discussed.Show less
The Indonesian War of Independence (1945-1949) has long been overlooked in large parts of international historiography, which is a shame. The war, which saw the nationalist Indonesian Republic...Show moreThe Indonesian War of Independence (1945-1949) has long been overlooked in large parts of international historiography, which is a shame. The war, which saw the nationalist Indonesian Republic prevail over its Indonesian competitors for national sovereignty and the Dutch, who were intent on re-establishing their colonial presence in the archipelago, took place on the intersection of the twentieth century's most significant themes, such as World War II, the Cold War and decolonisation. With the archipelago's future at stake, including its population of nearly seventy million inhabitants in 1945 and its large reserves of strategic resources, the conflict was pushed to the top of the international diplomatic agenda with a central role for the United States. According to the existing historiography, the US' attitude towards the conflict was relatively passive and reactive, while its policy was predominantly informed and executed through formal diplomacy. This seems out of character for the United States, given its WWII intelligence achievements and Cold War reputation for covert action, and raises the question if the historiography on the Indonesian War of Independence suffers from a 'missing dimension'. This thesis aims to explore and explain the role of the American intelligence community in shaping the American information position and policy on the Indonesian question, based on a wide variety of secondary literature and primary sources from American and Dutch collections and archives. Due to its classified nature, much of the intelligence-related archival material from this period was only declassified from the 1990s onwards, allowing for a reassessment of the major diplomatic histories on the conflict primarily written between 1960 and 1985. After charting the US intelligence presence and capabilities in Indonesia from 1945 to 1949, considering the relevant organisations for both human intelligence (HUMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT), it will be assessed how effectively intelligence was integrated into the State Department's foreign policy formulation process. This assessment will be made based on the intelligence cycle framework, distinguishing between the stages of planning and direction, collection, analysis, processing and dissemination. The story of American intelligence in the Indonesian War of Independence is also the story of the radical transformation the American intelligence community underwent in the years immediately following World War II, as the haphazardly created wartime intelligence apparatus was laboriously adapted into the country's first foreign intelligence apparatus in peacetime. Over a period of several years and via various short-lived interim agencies such as the Strategic Services Unit (SSU) and the Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the wartime Office of Strategic Services Unit (OSS) finally evolved into the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Throughout the Indonesian War of Independence, signals intelligence would remain a military affair in the hands of the Army Security Agency (ASA) and the Navy's OP-20-G. However, these forebears to the National Security Agency (NSA) went through a tumultuous period as well. Fearing competition in their foreign reporting privileges, State Department officials generally resisted the idea of intelligence gathering in peacetime. The strained 1 relationship with the upcoming intelligence community in which this resistance resulted will also form a central theme throughout this thesis. Although the lack of institutional continuity, absence of a clear mandate, continuous shortages of capacity and assets and the novelty of peacetime intelligence to policymakers generally prevented the American intelligence organisations from having a radical impact on the country's course, the story of American intelligence in the Indonesian War of Independence adds an intriguing perspective to the historiography on this complex and multi-layered conflict. In addition, the events of the Indonesian War of Independence proved to be one of the early American intelligence community's formative experiences, which were crucial in laying the foundations for the organisations that would gain notoriety in the Cold War soon afterwards.Show less
Abstract: This thesis deals with the question of human subjecthood. What makes us Subjects? The innovations in computer science and artificial intelligence prompt a follow up question: When and how...Show moreAbstract: This thesis deals with the question of human subjecthood. What makes us Subjects? The innovations in computer science and artificial intelligence prompt a follow up question: When and how can an artificial intelligence or artificial life form be considered a Subject? In a comparison between man and machine this essay investigates different notions of Subjecthood. Introducing a narratological concept of subjecthood based on Bal’s narratology leads to the conclusion that the subject object division isn’t a binary opposition. Analysing Heidegger’s theory of agency as well as Freud and Lacan their narratives of development in psychoanalytical theory illustrate the importance of a split within the Subject, a split between what it needs and what it learns. The space between internal and external forces in an agent allow a Subject to come into being pointing out how the individual needs society in order to exist.Show less
The increase in the (power of) surveillance and the increase in the amount of intelligence that is being gathered about not only terrorists, but also about a country’s own citizens, have caused the...Show moreThe increase in the (power of) surveillance and the increase in the amount of intelligence that is being gathered about not only terrorists, but also about a country’s own citizens, have caused the government to seek help in the private sector. However, it can also be argued that the adoption of New Public Management in many European countries has led to the privatization of intelligence. This thesis researches a public-private partnerships in intelligence in the Netherlands. Based on the research question: "What are the effects of public-private partnerships in intelligence on civil liberties in the EU?" the following hypothesis is accepted: "With the privatisation of intelligence liberal regimes engage in illiberal practices because oversight is limited, legal accountability is (partly) lacking and public and media scrutiny is missing." This hypothesis is accepted because oversight needs to be improved to allow the reviewing of the practices of private companies, the law concerning the Intelligence and Security Services (WIV) must be updated in time to allow the unfocused interception of cable-tied telecommunication, and the possibilities for public and media scrutiny need to improve in order not to severely affect civil liberties.Show less
During the Second World War, Indonesia was occupied by the Japanese. Some of the Dutch that were able to escape to Australia established a Dutch government in exile. In 1942, together with other...Show moreDuring the Second World War, Indonesia was occupied by the Japanese. Some of the Dutch that were able to escape to Australia established a Dutch government in exile. In 1942, together with other Allies, the Dutch government in exile established NEFIS (Netherlands Forces Intelligence Service) as a way to satisfy the need for information about Indonesia in order to take back Indonesia from the Japanese. After the Japanese surrender, the Dutch government moved back to Indonesia and NEFIS continued its intelligence activity in Indonesia. This intelligence service continued its activity until 1949. The aim of this study is to investigate from both an organizational and archival approach the type of information that NEFIS accumulated in Indonesia between 1945 and 1949 and explore whether these perspectives correspond with each other. Literature and archival sources were used to conduct research in order to better understand NEFIS’s tasks and responsibilities. The applied archival approach involved taking several general subjects and matching them with sample archives. The results indicate consistency between NEFIS’s raw documents and its stated tasks. Several subjects of interest to NEFIS include: anti-Dutch propaganda, the current political condition, underground activity, and information about the Indonesian Armed Forces.Show less
