This research investigates the increasing importance of the Kazakh language in Kazakhstan, a process referred to as Kazakhization, and its implications for employment opportunities and economic...Show moreThis research investigates the increasing importance of the Kazakh language in Kazakhstan, a process referred to as Kazakhization, and its implications for employment opportunities and economic outcomes. The study highlights several key factors contributing to this linguistic shift, including governmental language policies, educational reforms, and the rising bilingual requirements in the job market. Concurrently, the study highlights that demographic shifts, particularly the decreasing proportion of ethnic Russians and the increasing share of ethnic Kazakhs, further bolster the use of Kazakh. Contrary to earlier findings that suggested a significant income gap between Russian and Kazakh speakers caused by language proficiency in Russian, this research demonstrates that income disparities are more influenced by demographic and socio-economic factors such as age and regional economic conditions rather than linguistic factors.Show less
Research in the field of miscommunication in aviation discourse tends to focus on causes of miscommunication. Especially, language proficiency, and phraseology use have been the focus of studies....Show moreResearch in the field of miscommunication in aviation discourse tends to focus on causes of miscommunication. Especially, language proficiency, and phraseology use have been the focus of studies. However, the relationship between these factors of miscommunication is something little is known about. This study, therefore, aimed to determine whether or not language proficiency of a speaker influences their patterns of phraseology use. 150 minutes of communications between air traffic controllers who were native speakers of English, and pilots that were either native or non-native speakers of English were collected, transcribed and coded. Results suggested that language proficiency influences patterns of non-standard phraseology use as well as the frequency of the use of accommodation strategies. It is suggested that the influence of language proficiency on patterns of phraseology use in aviation discourse be researched further so that communications between controller and pilot can be less problematic, and air travel can become safer.Show less
