This thesis is an overview of problems of violence towards indigenous people across the world and seeks to analyze how these groups protect themselves through lack of government support. Then,...Show moreThis thesis is an overview of problems of violence towards indigenous people across the world and seeks to analyze how these groups protect themselves through lack of government support. Then, there will be looked into the problems of violence within Brazil and how it relates to environmental crime. The indigenous groups Pataxó and Tupinambá will be used as a case study to look into the violence in the Northeast of Brazil. There will be an analysis of how the Brazilian indigenous protect themselves against violence from land owners invading their lands.Show less
There are currently 281 million international migrants in the world who experience dietary alterations as a result of being placed in a new environment, away from their home: some foodstuffs become...Show moreThere are currently 281 million international migrants in the world who experience dietary alterations as a result of being placed in a new environment, away from their home: some foodstuffs become unavailable, others are discovered and integrated into migrants’ culinary practices. Since food is culturally relevant, and culture is a component of one’s identity, altering culinary practices means altering identity. In Switzerland, this impacts 88.000 immigrants from the American continents. However, little research focuses on taste as a sensory experience connected to home and identity, and even less on Latin Americans in Europe or Switzerland. Therefore, this thesis observes how Latin American immigrants in Geneva, the second biggest Swiss city, use culinary practices to reproduce their regional/ethnic identity and build a new home. It argues that, despite some discontinuation and unavoidable adaptation, they maintain many pre-migration practices and create new ones through transnationalism and community-building. As such, Latin Americans in Geneva reproduce some aspects of their identity and produce others: they maintain a Latin American ethnic and familial identity, and create a Genevan and transnational one. Their sense of self becomes from here and from there and manifests itself through the upkeep and construction of various homes across borders, using cooking as a homing tool.Show less
By seeking to explore the development of social protection national policy, this thesis has sought to contribute to the field of global social policy, by delving into the role and influence of...Show moreBy seeking to explore the development of social protection national policy, this thesis has sought to contribute to the field of global social policy, by delving into the role and influence of international organizations with regards to national social protection systems. This research has scrutinised the way Mexico applied conventions related to social protection devised by the International Labour Organisation and developed its national social protection system since 1931 (when it joined the organisation) until present. Through a historical approach, it has been demonstrated how Mexico's changing economic systems have conditioned the applicability of the internationally-devised norms of the ILO to its national context. This finding aligns with the scholarly view on international norm compliance according to which states do not always defy internationally-imposed directives willingly, but are rather conditioned by national events or circumstances of a socio-economic or political order. It has thus been concluded that the Lost Decade of the 1980s represented a moment of upheaval and economic change (from state-led industrialization to market-led economy) that influenced the effectiveness of the ILO's norms on Mexico's social protection system.Show less
This bachelor's thesis examines to what extent did growing cross-border capital flows contribute to the treaty-making revolution of the 19th century. Through a case-study approach, the thesis...Show moreThis bachelor's thesis examines to what extent did growing cross-border capital flows contribute to the treaty-making revolution of the 19th century. Through a case-study approach, the thesis analyzes two significant cases, Latin America and the German Zollverein, to understand the relationship between cross-border capital flows and treaty-making innovations. The findings demonstrate that cross-border capital flows to a large extent contributed to treaty-making innovations in these two cases. In Latin America, debt relationships between newly independent states and lender banks became the basis for signing sovereignty-recognizing treaties, even without full territorial control. In Europe, the desire for greater cross-border capital flows and German economic integration led to the creation of the Zollverein, the first-ever customs-union agreement. The Zollverein treaties not only increased in quantity but also pushed treaty-making towards a more positivist direction, introducing clauses that standardized weights and currencies. The uniqueness of these Latin America and Zollverein cases, along with subsequent similar treaties, supports the conclusion that cross-border capital flows at least to some extent contributed to the treaty-making revolution of the 19th century.Show less
Peru along with most other countries in Latin America has a history of authoritarian rule and repression. Since 2000, the country has undergone democratic reforms which prove to be slow in progress...Show morePeru along with most other countries in Latin America has a history of authoritarian rule and repression. Since 2000, the country has undergone democratic reforms which prove to be slow in progress and obstructed by the legacy left behind by Fujimori and Montesinos’ regime in the 1990s. With the purpose of contributing to a currently scarce pool of literature on intelligence studies in Latin America, this paper seeks to assess to which extent these authoritarian legacies continue to persist in Peru’s intelligence services after its official transition to democracy in 2000. Using press material, official documents, academic literature and further secondary sources, this paper collected information on scandals and controversies involving the intelligence services and its practices. By drawing comparisons to aspects mentioned in the historical context and conceptual framework, this paper was able to illustrate the extent to which authoritarianism still remains within the intelligence apparatus. Based on the results that show instability in combination with a general lack of interest in reform and hence a continuation of intelligence practices deemed undemocratic, illegitimate, disorganized, and highly politicized, it can be concluded that authoritarian legacies still remain in today’s intelligence services to a large extent. Furthermore, the paper reflects on its reliability and validity in regards to its research design and data, stating that due to Peru’s lack of legal frameworks concerning intelligence agencies, it remains challenging to clearly outline their structure and functions.Show less
This document contains my BA-thesis on the use of the gerund in a Spanish novel from the Ecuadorian Andes and a Spanish novel from Spain. It will give a description of each of the gerundial uses...Show moreThis document contains my BA-thesis on the use of the gerund in a Spanish novel from the Ecuadorian Andes and a Spanish novel from Spain. It will give a description of each of the gerundial uses and provide ideas for future research.Show less
The military, police, and government play substantial roles in planning and implementing relief measures (Kalkman, 2020, p. 99). In Peru, narcotics, insurgencies, and most recently the sanitary...Show moreThe military, police, and government play substantial roles in planning and implementing relief measures (Kalkman, 2020, p. 99). In Peru, narcotics, insurgencies, and most recently the sanitary emergency created by COVID-19 constitute a trifold ongoing crisis. This thesis acknowledges that states of emergency enable the military’s operational advantages during complex domestic challenges. This thesis conducted interviews employing quota sampling, reaching out to military officials involved in planning and implementing military COVID-19 relief in Peru. With the theoretical lens provided by strategic theory, the interviews’ content offered profound insight into the practical differences between strategic planning, policy implementation, and the obtained outcomes comparing the port of Callao and the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro Rivers (VRAEM), two previously militarized regions in Peru. This thesis concludes that previous militarization affected the implementation process of COVID19 relief, constituting a source for policy flexibility, adaptability, and the creation of collaborative frameworks.Show less
This paper analyzes the impact of various policy subject on the Latin American electoral accountability. Knowing to which factors electoral accountability is prone in the reelection of Latin...Show moreThis paper analyzes the impact of various policy subject on the Latin American electoral accountability. Knowing to which factors electoral accountability is prone in the reelection of Latin American incumbents is relevant to the incumbents themselves at first. According to the democratic dividend theory, incumbents could increase their likelihood of securing its next term by providing certain policy merits to the population. Moreover, for scientific reasons, it could explain why some incumbents are reelected and others are not. Furthermore, it allows to better evaluate and analyze previous and upcoming elections in Latin America. First, a multi-level regression analysis is conducted concerning the effect of various factors on the incumbent’s reelection. Based on this research, GDP growth and corruption have significant effects on the reelection chances of incumbents. These results are applied to Brazil’s 2022 Presidential elections. The analysis is conducted with semi-structured interviews with experts in the field. This analysis highlights the importance of economic voting as well. Moreover, it mentions influential factors, such as healthcare policy, evangelic voting, and international economic influences. Altogether, this analysis emphasizes the importance of economic voting and economic electoral accountability in Latin American countries. This allows researchers to further analyze the Latin American elections through a better scope.Show less
Since Latin America’s liberal democratization in the 1980s there has been a growth in academic attempts to assess its impact on the restrictiveness of migration policies. Thus, this thesis aims to...Show moreSince Latin America’s liberal democratization in the 1980s there has been a growth in academic attempts to assess its impact on the restrictiveness of migration policies. Thus, this thesis aims to uncover whether change in liberal democracy rank explains change in restrictiveness of Latin American migration policies. This thesis uses historical institutionalism as a theoretical lens to expose the role of domestic institutions in shaping state policymaking. A proportional odds logistic regression was conducted and revealed strong evidence that when there is an increase in liberal democracy ranking, there is a lower probability of restrictive migration policy implementation. Additionally, national gross domestic product and the political ideology of the party in power were shown to offer some explanatory power for change in migration policies. The analysis concluded that change in liberal democracy rank offers a convincing explanation for change in migration policy restrictiveness. Although the scope of this analysis means results can only speak for trends in Latin America, this thesis highlights the importance of viewing liberal democracy as ranked and not an ideal type when understanding it’s impact on policymaking. Further research should consider a broader scope of analysis as data collection in the region becomes more extensively available.Show less
Populists play a central role in the current crisis democracy faces. Approaching populism as a style of communication is becoming more popular in academics. Yet, there has been little systematic...Show morePopulists play a central role in the current crisis democracy faces. Approaching populism as a style of communication is becoming more popular in academics. Yet, there has been little systematic research on indicators of populist rhetoric. This article presents a comparative case study examining presidential speeches in which populists frame democratic backsliding through populist rhetoric. It examines the use of populist rhetoric by seven Latin American presidents when they refer to their attempts to degrade the democratic system. Findings highlight that arguing to act in line with the will of the people, referring to actions as revolutionary and scapegoating opposing forces are frequently used frames to justify authoritarian behaviour and attacks on democratic institutions.Show less
