The military, police, and government play substantial roles in planning and implementing relief measures (Kalkman, 2020, p. 99). In Peru, narcotics, insurgencies, and most recently the sanitary...Show moreThe military, police, and government play substantial roles in planning and implementing relief measures (Kalkman, 2020, p. 99). In Peru, narcotics, insurgencies, and most recently the sanitary emergency created by COVID-19 constitute a trifold ongoing crisis. This thesis acknowledges that states of emergency enable the military’s operational advantages during complex domestic challenges. This thesis conducted interviews employing quota sampling, reaching out to military officials involved in planning and implementing military COVID-19 relief in Peru. With the theoretical lens provided by strategic theory, the interviews’ content offered profound insight into the practical differences between strategic planning, policy implementation, and the obtained outcomes comparing the port of Callao and the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro Rivers (VRAEM), two previously militarized regions in Peru. This thesis concludes that previous militarization affected the implementation process of COVID19 relief, constituting a source for policy flexibility, adaptability, and the creation of collaborative frameworks.Show less
Public security in the city of Rio de Janeiro has been characterized by military intervention in an attempt to contain urban violence and recently, this military intervention model has been...Show morePublic security in the city of Rio de Janeiro has been characterized by military intervention in an attempt to contain urban violence and recently, this military intervention model has been proposed to address urban violence in other Brazilian cities, Latin American countries and in the United States (Hoelscher, Norheim-Martinsen 2014, 957)(Fenizola 2018.) To compliment research in the academic field of violence in conflict areas, this paper aims to explore to what extent the potential relation between educational opportunities and violence can enforce or debilitate conflict in the case of Rio de Janeiro's favelas. To analyse this, an innovative theoretical framework is used that combines insights from fhi360's research on the causal relation between educational opportunities and violent conflict, critical race/post colonial theory, John Galtung's Conflict triangle and sustainable peace. Through a multidisciplinary approach and qualitative data analysis, the findings reveal that underlying the visible direct and structural violence shaping public security, is the mechanism of cultural violence that works to justify the direct and structural expressions of violence and indirectly, the militarization of public security. In regards to education, this entail that marginalized youth generally end up in a negative spiral of exclusion that enforces pacification, repression, more violence and eventually less educational opportunities. In response to this model, the paper proposes a method that can reverse the causal cycle of violent conflict and educational opportunities so that sustainable peace may be achieved.Show less
The following paper will examine the period of time between 2006-2012, when Felipe Calderón took presidential power in Mexico. Due to the fact that Mexico is a transit country for many criminal...Show moreThe following paper will examine the period of time between 2006-2012, when Felipe Calderón took presidential power in Mexico. Due to the fact that Mexico is a transit country for many criminal organizations, crime and violence are rampant throughout the country. Calderón's solution to combat this increase in violence, was to implement the military into daily affairs and to militarize the Mexican police force. The reasons that led to such a tactic and the effects that have been produced as such will be analyzed.Show less
This thesis discusses the militarization process that came along with Plan Colombia in Colombia and the promotion of the nation state. During the era of Pastrana’s government and the Clinton...Show moreThis thesis discusses the militarization process that came along with Plan Colombia in Colombia and the promotion of the nation state. During the era of Pastrana’s government and the Clinton administration in the U.S. Plan Colombia was implemented. This program should create a situation in which the Colombian State could develop itself and get out of the negative spiral of violence and killings, due to the drug industry and the rise of FARC. By intensifying the military actions, their goal was to restore the idea of a nation state. By connecting this idea with a chosen theoretical framework, it will become clear how militarization has helped to transmit ideas about statehood throughout this thesis. This research will be supported by using case studies that represent military actions during Plan Colombia.Show less
