In 1746 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) launched an invasion of the Rameshvaram island located between Sri Lanka and the Indian mainland. This thesis combines new VOC archival material with...Show moreIn 1746 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) launched an invasion of the Rameshvaram island located between Sri Lanka and the Indian mainland. This thesis combines new VOC archival material with existing literature on the combatants to answer the question what the military conflict reveals about India's balance of power at the dawn of British Raj as well as to show the interesting relationship between the Company and the Setupatis of Ramnad.Show less
During the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek enacted the Communist Purge, a very unusual decision as the Communists were his allies at the time. Which begs the question: Why did Chiang Kai-shek...Show moreDuring the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek enacted the Communist Purge, a very unusual decision as the Communists were his allies at the time. Which begs the question: Why did Chiang Kai-shek order the Communist Purge? In order to answer that question this thesis will take a closer look at the military situation at the time, the role of the Communists and Chiang Kai-shek himself.Show less
From 1992 up to 1995 a Dutch-Belgian transportbattalion delivered humanitarian relief to the population of the war-torn Bosnia. Over 100.000 metric tons was distributed under the flag of the United...Show moreFrom 1992 up to 1995 a Dutch-Belgian transportbattalion delivered humanitarian relief to the population of the war-torn Bosnia. Over 100.000 metric tons was distributed under the flag of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR). Although the mission was highly succesfull, scholarly attention has almost exclusively been paid to the failures of UNPROFOR, most notably the fall of Srebrenica. This thesis draws attention to the more succesfull aspect of the mission: the delivery of humanitarian aid. It focusses on the Dutch-Belgian transportbattalion and its threefold mission: i) to secure the delivery of humanitarian aid, ii) to reduce the human rights violations and iii) to create conditions in which a political solution for the conflict could be reached.Show less
The Waldegrave Initiative is the name given to a policy introduced in 1992 by Lord Waldegrave, an English Conservative politician who served in the British Cabinet from 1990 – 1997. Under this...Show moreThe Waldegrave Initiative is the name given to a policy introduced in 1992 by Lord Waldegrave, an English Conservative politician who served in the British Cabinet from 1990 – 1997. Under this policy, all government departments were encouraged to re-examine what had been previously regarded as particularly sensitive records, with the objective of declassifying a greater quantity of information. This initiative is widely regarded as the precursor to the UK’s Freedom of Information Act 2000, and it set a precedent of declassification across Western democracies. The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a secret British organisation formed 22 July 1940 by Winston Churchill to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers as well as to aid local resistance movements. As Mark Seaman put it, the SOE was formed to “foster occupied Europe’s resistance groups” and ensure that “Nazi occupation wasn’t an easy thing”. It operated in all countries or former countries occupied by or attacked by the Axis forces, except where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal allies – namely the Soviet Union and the United States of America. Initially it was also involved in the formation of the Auxiliary Units, a top secret "stay-behind" resistance organisation, which would have been activated in the event of a German invasion of mainland Britain. To those who were part of the SOE or liaised with it, it was sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars" (after the location of its London headquarters). It was also known as "Churchill's Secret Army" or the "Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare". For security purposes various branches, and sometimes the organisation as a whole, were concealed behind names such as the "Joint Technical Board" or the "Inter-Service Research Bureau" as well as fictitious branches of the Air Ministry, Admiralty, or War Office. This dispersion in part accounts for the disparity and inconsistency of the records currently held in the National Archives in Kew, London, which will be discussed in further detail later in this thesis. Prior to the Waldegrave Initiative, little archival material relating to the SOE was in public circulation or publicly available. However, a limited number of oral testimonies by SOE contemporaries were in circulation and a small number of historical works and memoirs were published. Following release of records under the Waldegrave Initiative from 1992 onwards, a range of new publications have appeared. However, to date, little analysis has been carried out to identify the impact of such previously classified information on this historiography. Through such analysis, this thesis aims to add to the body of knowledge around the Waldegrave Initiative and its implications. Due to the size of the SOE, it is impracticable to analyse in detail the whole of the SOE’s activities in the time and resources available. Hence, this thesis takes one SOE related activity – Freshman – and analyses in detail the scale and scope of the potential for the records released under Waldegrave to impact its historiography. From this analysis, key impacts and conclusions are drawn. It should be noted however that, as this thesis only has the scope for one case study, any conclusions drawn based on the evidence and this will limit analysis given in the following prose. This does not mean the research undertaken for, the analysis, or conclusions of this thesis are not important. It is overdue for such an assessment of the potential use of these records released under Waldegrave for the SOE historiography to take place. In a boarder context, this assessment helps us understand the importance of such government transparency schemes for re-evaluation and amendment to the existing historiography.Show less
