This research study investigated the influence of client motivation on the therapeutic relationship and self-stigma, and the association of the therapeutic relationship and self-stigma. It was...Show moreThis research study investigated the influence of client motivation on the therapeutic relationship and self-stigma, and the association of the therapeutic relationship and self-stigma. It was conducted with an online questionnaire that has been answered by individuals with therapeutic experience, aimed to measure their motivation and attitudes towards their therapeutic experience. It was expected that more intrinsically motivated clients would have a better therapeutic relationship and less self-stigma than more externally motivated clients, because they may engage in more self-disclosure and personal fulfilment that builds a better relationship. Results showed this significant influence of client motivation on the therapeutic relationship. But no significant influence of client motivation on self-stigma were found, which did not align with the expectation that more intrinsically motivated clients would experience less self-stigma due to their autonomously supportive experience in therapy. Contrary to another expectation and literature, the relationship of the therapeutic relationship and self-stigma was not significant, which may be explained by the unbalanced sample. This unbalance arose due to limited time of data collection and small sample groups. Explorative correlations provided additional insights that more intrinsically motivated groups have differing associations with the therapeutic relationship compared to externally or amotivated groups. Although the research study was limited by unbalanced sampling, it is suggested that more intrinsically motivated clients have a better therapeutic relationship and self-stigma may be a universal influence on all clients with differing motivation levels.Show less
Cities and their populations are constantly growing, and this is putting a great strain on the planet’s resources. Cities consume 75% of all the global natural resources, one of which is water. The...Show moreCities and their populations are constantly growing, and this is putting a great strain on the planet’s resources. Cities consume 75% of all the global natural resources, one of which is water. The city’s density and economic activity affect the distribution of these resources and it is one of the reasons why cities are turning to the Smart City concept. This allows cities to use technology to gather large amounts of real time data and adjust the existing and future plans. However, more data is needed to help these adjustments become more effective. Some researchers have turned towards the citizens as the prime generators of data, calling it citizen science. As a result, methods which motivate citizens to adopt the smart city technology are essential to enable data generation. This research focused on the following question: How can gamification theory facilitate the data collection for urban water management models in the city of The Hague? Through literature research and a questionnaire, the research showed how gamification can help generate more data by motivating the citizens of The Hague. By using the existing water management system as a basis, implementing gamification characteristics which influence the user’s utilitarian perspective like badges, overview tables, notifications and rewards, a user can become more motivated to use the water consumption system, generate data which can be used by urban water management models and ultimately make cities a more sustainable environment.Show less
The launch of the advanced language model ChatGPT has raised many concerns among teachers and educators as they fear the students will use it to do their written assignments for them. An initial...Show moreThe launch of the advanced language model ChatGPT has raised many concerns among teachers and educators as they fear the students will use it to do their written assignments for them. An initial response might be to ban the technology, such that the students have to write every word themselves again. However, one can also take one step back and question what it means that the work a student is expected to do is replaceable by a chatbot. Also, there seems to be a problem with their intrinsic motivation to learn. The fixation on tests and results seems to be one of the main causes for these two issues, as the focus on the end product makes it easy to skip the learning process leading to it, while that process is what motivates students to learn and grow. To revisit the aim of learning and teaching, I will draw upon the insights of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. His ideas on moral education will be used to create a better understanding of the current education system and the role of technologies such as ChatGPT within that. Most important are the emphasis on self-reflection, life-long learning and the role of the dialogue.Show less
In understanding behaviours, multiple facets that contribute to behaviour need to be assessed. In behaviour with regards to food waste, several motivational factors and intention play a role in not...Show moreIn understanding behaviours, multiple facets that contribute to behaviour need to be assessed. In behaviour with regards to food waste, several motivational factors and intention play a role in not wasting food. A survey spread among 210 participants from the USA and Belgium reported on their moral, monetary, and environmental motivations, intentions, and behaviours regarding food waste. With this data, food waste behaviours were analyzed not only by the intentions and motivations of the participants, but also on the healthiness of the portrayed food. A mediating role for intention was found in the relationship with varying motivations and behaviour. This shows, that apart from motivations, intention is also a key opponent in understanding why consumers tend to waste food.Show less
The study of reduplication in Chinese has received more and more attention in recent years. With the development of modern linguistic theories, scholars have begun investigating Chinese...Show moreThe study of reduplication in Chinese has received more and more attention in recent years. With the development of modern linguistic theories, scholars have begun investigating Chinese reduplication as a phonological or morphological phenomenon instead of a pure rhetorical device. However, traditional epistemology and methodology still takes the dominant position in the study of OC (short for Old Chinese, the same hereafter). Therefore, it is necessary to examine OC reduplication from new perspectives with advanced theory and methodology, as an important part in the study of historical Chinese.Show less
In this research, teachers' motivation for professionalization activities about learning delays and giftedness was explored by interviewing twenty-eight primary school teachers in the Netherlands....Show moreIn this research, teachers' motivation for professionalization activities about learning delays and giftedness was explored by interviewing twenty-eight primary school teachers in the Netherlands. With this information an attempt was made to answer the following question: To which extent do differences exist in the affective valences, cognitive valences and sense of competence among teachers with regard to professionalization activities about learning delays and giftedness and how can differences be explained? Results show that teachers feel that pupils with learning delays need emotional as well as cognitive help. However, there's a limit to what these pupils can achieve cognitively, so teachers aim for their emotional well being. Teachers do not mention a cognitive limit for the gifted pupils, but do mention the emotional well being of these pupils as one of the conditions that needs to be met to help them excel, alongside testing the giftedness of the pupil and knowing how to help these pupils. Furthermore, teachers with a preference for professionalization activities about learning delays mainly build upon non-personal cognitive valences, like wanting to renew their knowledge to connect to the needs of these students and wanting to help the large number of pupils with learning delays, for their motivation. In contrast, teachers with a preference for professionalization activities about giftedness mainly build upon positive personal cognitive valences, like feeling the need to gain new knowledge to develop themselves, for their motivation. The number of years a teachers has been working in education explained most of the differences in their motivation, like the decreasing will to gain new knowledge and to renew old knowledge. The outcomes of this research should be explored further, but can already be to used to improve professionalization activities by building upon the motivational aspects that play a role in teachers' motivation for these activities.Show less
