The urgency of the Iranian water crisis increases every year. The Iranian agricultural sector is by far the biggest user of the vanishing water, yet it continues to be heavily subsidized. This...Show moreThe urgency of the Iranian water crisis increases every year. The Iranian agricultural sector is by far the biggest user of the vanishing water, yet it continues to be heavily subsidized. This paper first establishes a link between subsidies and water mismanagement and then continues to investigate the motivations and dilemmas that Iranian policymakers face in their decision to retain subsidies that promote the wasteful agricultural industry. With the input of experts in the field and from the region, this paper argues that these subsidies are a crucial pillar of Iran due to its nature as a neopatrimonial rentier state and that subsidy reform or even removal are difficultShow less
In the early 1990s, the UN intervened in Cambodia in order to democratise the country. Since then Cambodia has adopted more democratic institutions. Although the country became more democratic in...Show moreIn the early 1990s, the UN intervened in Cambodia in order to democratise the country. Since then Cambodia has adopted more democratic institutions. Although the country became more democratic in official terms, the country largely operates outside of accepted democratic values. The aim of this paper is therefore to find out to what extent Cambodia can be considered a democracy. Focussing on the indicators of democratisation and de-democratisation processes (breadth, equality, protection, and mutually binding consultation), it becomes clear that Cambodia has been experiencing a process of de-democratisation. At the same time, the ruling party managed to increase its state capacity. This has been a necessary tool for the party to stay in power. Acknowledging that high state capacity can contribute to democratisation processes, it is surprising that high state capacity and democratisation do not seem to go hand in hand in the Cambodian case. The form of state capacity is therefore an important aspect. Focussing on Cambodia, it soon becomes clear that the country deviates from the Western standard. Cambodian politics and economics are centred around patronage and neopatrimonialism. This has been the main reason why efforts towards democratisation have failed in Cambodia and why an authoritarian regime remains in power.Show less
