In international relations theory, nuclear weapons are frequently discussed as a form of deterrence in a world of realist predicaments. Throughout the Cold War this framework was used to explain...Show moreIn international relations theory, nuclear weapons are frequently discussed as a form of deterrence in a world of realist predicaments. Throughout the Cold War this framework was used to explain the behaviour of various states, mainly in the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. However, other states also sought to acquire nuclear weapons, with some even succeeding in such endeavour. South Africa and Iran employed nuclear programmes to elevate their domestic but especially their international legitimacy. This thesis combines aspects of international relations theory and thereby constructs a new framework to assess how the active pursuit of nuclear weapons was perceived in the West. It consequently highlights that, even though similarities between the two cases existed, the West's treatment of South Africa/Iran occurred through different lenses, serving the interests of the United States‘ government.Show less
The Waldegrave Initiative is the name given to a policy introduced in 1992 by Lord Waldegrave, an English Conservative politician who served in the British Cabinet from 1990 – 1997. Under this...Show moreThe Waldegrave Initiative is the name given to a policy introduced in 1992 by Lord Waldegrave, an English Conservative politician who served in the British Cabinet from 1990 – 1997. Under this policy, all government departments were encouraged to re-examine what had been previously regarded as particularly sensitive records, with the objective of declassifying a greater quantity of information. This initiative is widely regarded as the precursor to the UK’s Freedom of Information Act 2000, and it set a precedent of declassification across Western democracies. The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a secret British organisation formed 22 July 1940 by Winston Churchill to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers as well as to aid local resistance movements. As Mark Seaman put it, the SOE was formed to “foster occupied Europe’s resistance groups” and ensure that “Nazi occupation wasn’t an easy thing”. It operated in all countries or former countries occupied by or attacked by the Axis forces, except where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal allies – namely the Soviet Union and the United States of America. Initially it was also involved in the formation of the Auxiliary Units, a top secret "stay-behind" resistance organisation, which would have been activated in the event of a German invasion of mainland Britain. To those who were part of the SOE or liaised with it, it was sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars" (after the location of its London headquarters). It was also known as "Churchill's Secret Army" or the "Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare". For security purposes various branches, and sometimes the organisation as a whole, were concealed behind names such as the "Joint Technical Board" or the "Inter-Service Research Bureau" as well as fictitious branches of the Air Ministry, Admiralty, or War Office. This dispersion in part accounts for the disparity and inconsistency of the records currently held in the National Archives in Kew, London, which will be discussed in further detail later in this thesis. Prior to the Waldegrave Initiative, little archival material relating to the SOE was in public circulation or publicly available. However, a limited number of oral testimonies by SOE contemporaries were in circulation and a small number of historical works and memoirs were published. Following release of records under the Waldegrave Initiative from 1992 onwards, a range of new publications have appeared. However, to date, little analysis has been carried out to identify the impact of such previously classified information on this historiography. Through such analysis, this thesis aims to add to the body of knowledge around the Waldegrave Initiative and its implications. Due to the size of the SOE, it is impracticable to analyse in detail the whole of the SOE’s activities in the time and resources available. Hence, this thesis takes one SOE related activity – Freshman – and analyses in detail the scale and scope of the potential for the records released under Waldegrave to impact its historiography. From this analysis, key impacts and conclusions are drawn. It should be noted however that, as this thesis only has the scope for one case study, any conclusions drawn based on the evidence and this will limit analysis given in the following prose. This does not mean the research undertaken for, the analysis, or conclusions of this thesis are not important. It is overdue for such an assessment of the potential use of these records released under Waldegrave for the SOE historiography to take place. In a boarder context, this assessment helps us understand the importance of such government transparency schemes for re-evaluation and amendment to the existing historiography.Show less
