The ability to guide particles through complex environments has promising applications in biological and physical departments. Catalytic active Janus particles are one of the types of particles...Show moreThe ability to guide particles through complex environments has promising applications in biological and physical departments. Catalytic active Janus particles are one of the types of particles that have the potential of being controlled. This thesis describes a method to track and analyse particles’ motion, which is essential to understand their behaviour. In particular, we focus on particles orbiting around or inside circular obstacles, analysing their speed and the interaction with each other. It is found that the speed of particles orbiting an obstacle is governed by a normal distribution, particles orbiting an obstacle have a lower speed by a factor of 0.85±0.04 than when they move freely, speed is independent of obstacle curvature, and particles orbiting an obstacle together have the same speed, which has a higher value the more particles orbit together. Furthermore, the effects of global and local fuel depletion effects are discussed.Show less
The idea for a European military force is not new. Ideas of a European military force had been considered a key priority soon after the EU had been established in 1952, then in the form of a so...Show moreThe idea for a European military force is not new. Ideas of a European military force had been considered a key priority soon after the EU had been established in 1952, then in the form of a so-called ‘European Defence Community’, but were set aside after multiple disagreements in the 1950s. However, since the shift in the international order in the 1990s after the fall of the USSR, the general but slow shift in world powers tilting towards a rising China, the shift in the relationship with the U.S., and other continued military threats throughout the world, the EU has revoked its former stance on defence and security and has taken a variety of steps to develop this field. Yet, despite these threats, shifts and initiatives, an official and entirely European military force has never been achieved. Why has the EU only been able to come to the current level of cooperation and integration of EU defence and not any further? This thesis will argue that three obstacles have been important in this development.Show less
