The Artemis Accords are an international agreement first drafted by NASA and the US government that aim towards establishing a framework for civil space activities by civil space agencies regarding...Show moreThe Artemis Accords are an international agreement first drafted by NASA and the US government that aim towards establishing a framework for civil space activities by civil space agencies regarding the Moon, Mars, asteroids and comets. The Accords have been signed by multiple states, in particular those that are willing to play a role in the US-led Artemis Program for renewed human spaceflight to the Moon. The Accords have been controversial among experts in the field of space governance. Experts have claimed that the Artemis Accords do not respect space as a commons and that the Accords have important shortcomings that hamper its ability to facilitate sustainable space governance. Others have primarily criticized the Artemis Accords for the tensions it has increased between the US and states like Russia or the People's Republic of China, as some believe the US are actively trying to influence the governance of space in their favour. Some fear that this can lead to attempts to overtly weaponize space. This research aims to look at both of these criticisms, by first assessing to what extent the Artemis Accords comply with or violate the principles associated with sustainable governance of a commons and looking at the Accords and its contents in detail. Then, the effects this has on the weaponization of space will be considered and discussed in order to better understand how the Artemis Accords are influencing the weaponization of space.Show less
Outer space state discourse focusses increasingly on the weaponization of space to protect itself. An outer space security dilemma is proposed by states as the main argument for the weaponization...Show moreOuter space state discourse focusses increasingly on the weaponization of space to protect itself. An outer space security dilemma is proposed by states as the main argument for the weaponization of outer space. Nonetheless, this theory of an outer space security dilemma is expanded from its applicability on a terrestrial level. The concept of state protection in outer space and the terrestrial differ fundamentally. Therefore, outer space may not be as vulnerable to a security dilemma as suggested by the security discourse of spacefaring states. This thesis will explore the extent to which the security dilemma is indeed applicable in outer space. By researching characteristics that both incite and mitigate an outer space security dilemma, this thesis will eventually conclude that the weaponization of outer space cannot be justified effectively through the theory of a security dilemma. The weaponization of outer space ought to be seen as a measure of luxury, rather than necessity.Show less
