Research master thesis | Archaeology (research) (MA/MSc)
closed access
The Quina Mousterian is a Late Middle Palaeolithic technocomplex recognised mainly in Southern and Western Europe. It has been argued that Neanderthal groups developed this technology to cope with...Show moreThe Quina Mousterian is a Late Middle Palaeolithic technocomplex recognised mainly in Southern and Western Europe. It has been argued that Neanderthal groups developed this technology to cope with the decreasing global temperatures and the environmental changes of the last glaciation (Weichselian). The Quina system is so far unattested in North Europe, where the climatic fluctuations derived from the Weichselian glaciation were arguably more pronounced and quicker. This research studies the stone tool assemblage from the open-air surface site of Colmont-Ponderosa (South Limburg, The Netherlands). The techno-typological study of the lithics from the site reveals that some Middle Palaeolithic groups of the region were users of versatile and less prepared technologies, with short flaking sequences to produce blanks with a long use-life potential. The tool typologies of the assemblage are dominated by denticulates and notches rather than “Quina” scrapers. The study of the lithics depicts a strong presence of Quina technology over Discoid and Levallois flaking systems, which are virtually absent in the assemblage of Colmont-Ponderosa. The stone tools from the site show a high degree of reduction and ramification. This is evident in the characteristics of the flakes, modified pieces as well as the cores. This thesis demonstrates that the Quina technology was indeed present at some point in time in the Northern latitudes but it was more focused on the recycling and re-using of tools and blanks rather than on the production of specific tool typologies as is the case in typical Quina sites in Southwestern France, for example. This research further employs a behavioural ecological approach to the archaeological record of the case study to demonstrate that the variability within the Quina entity as portrayed in the assemblage of the site might be related to a specific behavioural pattern consisting of a highly mobile, logistic, and economic lifestyle. This ecological approach to lithic technology further shows that the economic behaviour visible in the lateral and secondary recycling embedded within the technological production cycle, contributed to the creation of the archaeological record, generating a feedback loop in which the archaeological record is shaped by and shapes behaviours. This thesis illustrates that, at some point in time, Middle Palaeolithic groups in Northern Europe were indeed users of the Quina technological system, adding more diversity to the studies that link Northern Europe to a Levallois-based technology, Discoid flaking systems, and bifacial shaping. The presence of the Quina technology in the northern fringes of the Neanderthals’ ecological niche shows the diversity and adaptive flexibility of Neanderthal behaviour at the time of the Weichselian glaciation. This work further proposes that a more behavioural ecological approach to the study of lithic technology can help in understanding the variability within the Mousterian archaeological record.Show less
The Middle Palaeolithic is an important period in the development of mortuary behaviour. During this period, Neanderthals started burying their dead before Homo sapiens arrived in Europe. Their...Show moreThe Middle Palaeolithic is an important period in the development of mortuary behaviour. During this period, Neanderthals started burying their dead before Homo sapiens arrived in Europe. Their mortuary behaviour knows variability in several aspects, which makes an interesting case in the debate surrounding behaviour complexity. The central problem that is explored here is what the variation in mortuary behaviour between the Neanderthal multiple burial sites of La Ferrassie and Shanidar Cave indicates about Neanderthal mortuary practice in the Middle Palaeolithic and how this helps to understand their behaviour in an evolutionary context. La Ferrassie and Shanidar Cave are two of the few Neanderthal burial sites that contain multiple burials and vary in their organization in space and time. Using new evidence produced with the most recent techniques, I re-examined the two burial sites to compare their degree of organization and continuity. The study confirms that La Ferrassie displays spatial structuring of the burials, which attests to a complex interaction with the dead, while at Shanidar Cave a degree of organization is less evident and the mortuary behaviour is limited to a briefer period of time. However, it is noted that the burials at La Ferrassie and Shanidar Cave are both structured in their own manner. The diversity of responses to death is part of the emergence of the complex behaviour that would unfold in the Upper Palaeolithic. Furthermore, both sites provide evidence for a mortuary function of the cave and further explore the symbolic role of these natural formations, while keeping the preservation bias of such places in mind.Show less
