Abstract Policing is a very old phenomenon and has changed over the years. This change made more non-policing organizations start to get involved with tasks mainly intended for the police to be...Show moreAbstract Policing is a very old phenomenon and has changed over the years. This change made more non-policing organizations start to get involved with tasks mainly intended for the police to be carried out. This occurrence is called plural policing, which forms a new relationship between the police and the non-police organizations. This relationship is interesting since it has to do with civil security, and can be distinguished between a junior or equal partner model (Rice, 2020). Former research has already applied this model to public-private relationships. Therefore, this paper applies the model to a public-public relationship. Namely the relationship between the boa and the police in the municipality of The Hague. For this research, a single case study is used to determine whether the municipality of The Hague keeps a junior or equal partnership between the boa and the police. Findings for this research are gathered through document analysis, and an interview with the police of The Hague is held, which then both are coded via Atlas.ti. concluded can be that literature has shown four indicators that influence whether there is a junior or equal partnership. Namely, structure, culture, training education and equipment, and collaboration, which all exist of sub-indicators. These indicators come to the conclusion that the relationship between the boa and the police in the Hague is a junior partner model since the tasks of boas compared to the police are clear but limited. The boa is still inferior to the police, even though the collaboration between the two in The Hague is outstanding.Show less
In the Netherlands, Municipal enforcers (MLEOs) have become an important addition to policing in the country. This paper uses theories derived from the academic discussion on plural policing. The...Show moreIn the Netherlands, Municipal enforcers (MLEOs) have become an important addition to policing in the country. This paper uses theories derived from the academic discussion on plural policing. The junior and equal partnership models are applied to establish which kind of partnership between MLEOs and the police is present in the Hague. In this single-case study, document analysis and interviews with police officers and an MLEO were utilised to establish which of the two models best describes the partnership between the actors in the Hague. Findings indicate that a junior partnership is in place, where MLEOs take the junior position in relation to the police in the Hague.Show less
When looking at the African continent, Africa is now a socially and economically vibrant destination for foreign powers to invest in and has generated interest of traditional Western powers and of...Show moreWhen looking at the African continent, Africa is now a socially and economically vibrant destination for foreign powers to invest in and has generated interest of traditional Western powers and of the newly emerged ‘Southern powers’ such as China. China puts great effort in differentiating themselves from other partners of African nations. China portrays itself as an ‘all-weather friend’ of Africa that strives for changing the economic world order justly in which all (developing) countries have a say. This research looks at how the Chinese government constructs its engagement in Africa as different compared to Western involvement on the African continent, and how this difference is constituted through different strategies of differentiation: historical ties, South-South mutual understanding, Soft Power and Non-conditional development cooperation.Show less
