In the past two decades, as the public debate about sustainable development has increasingly gained attention, sustainability goals have also reached the tourism sector, especially in lowand middle...Show moreIn the past two decades, as the public debate about sustainable development has increasingly gained attention, sustainability goals have also reached the tourism sector, especially in lowand middle-income countries. Subsequently, sustainable tourism alternatives like pro-poor, community-based, eco-, or Indigenous tourism emerged, aiming to provide inclusive economic and socio-cultural benefits to the host communities and thus contribute to broader goals like poverty alleviation and regional sustainable development. This thesis focuses on Indigenous tourism, as a particular form of alternative tourism, and assesses its potential in serving as a tool for sustainable development of the tourism sector and the host communities, taking Peru as case study. Whereas singular aspects of Indigenous tourism have already been discussed in prior research, this thesis aims to provide a full overview of the impacts of Indigenous tourism by combining insights from an economic and socio-cultural perspective. The analysis utilizes a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative literature-based research with primary data analyses and is based on neoliberal and Marxist economic theory as well as sustainable tourism studies, critical development, and post-colonial theory. Discussing the various prospects and challenges (both economic and socio-cultural) of Indigenous tourism in Peru, this research identifies clear requirements for successful development and subsequently advocates for the promotion of Indigenous tourism as a mean toward more inclusive and sustainable development of Peru´s tourism sector and the host communities.Show less
Peru along with most other countries in Latin America has a history of authoritarian rule and repression. Since 2000, the country has undergone democratic reforms which prove to be slow in progress...Show morePeru along with most other countries in Latin America has a history of authoritarian rule and repression. Since 2000, the country has undergone democratic reforms which prove to be slow in progress and obstructed by the legacy left behind by Fujimori and Montesinos’ regime in the 1990s. With the purpose of contributing to a currently scarce pool of literature on intelligence studies in Latin America, this paper seeks to assess to which extent these authoritarian legacies continue to persist in Peru’s intelligence services after its official transition to democracy in 2000. Using press material, official documents, academic literature and further secondary sources, this paper collected information on scandals and controversies involving the intelligence services and its practices. By drawing comparisons to aspects mentioned in the historical context and conceptual framework, this paper was able to illustrate the extent to which authoritarianism still remains within the intelligence apparatus. Based on the results that show instability in combination with a general lack of interest in reform and hence a continuation of intelligence practices deemed undemocratic, illegitimate, disorganized, and highly politicized, it can be concluded that authoritarian legacies still remain in today’s intelligence services to a large extent. Furthermore, the paper reflects on its reliability and validity in regards to its research design and data, stating that due to Peru’s lack of legal frameworks concerning intelligence agencies, it remains challenging to clearly outline their structure and functions.Show less
The term “Latin America” is used as the common denominator that encompasses a large region with several countries whose traditions, language, and colonial background share a set of common...Show moreThe term “Latin America” is used as the common denominator that encompasses a large region with several countries whose traditions, language, and colonial background share a set of common characteristics. The paper explores the meaning of Latin American archaeology through the examples of Peruvian and Argentinian national archaeologies—the historical development of both countries and their respective archaeologies from the Colonial period to the present. The countries are first analyzed separately with a focus on their socioeconomic status and the influx of foreign theoretical trends and their impact on the development of archaeology within the context of colonialism and post-colonialism. At the beginning of the twentieth century the focus shifts on onto the “functioning” of archaeology through its legislative frameworks, university training programmes, and public archaeology. These elements are used to compare the archaeologies of Peru and Argentina to reveal their characteristic, and potentially the way in which colonialism and subsequent historical events pushed the development of archaeology. Four cases are presented with the intention of providing insight into how the theory is applied in practice. It was concluded that the pre-colonial history of the countries and their subsequent treatment significantly impacted the development of two markedly different national archaeologies who appear similar in theory but diverge in practice—when the current situation of archaeological practice and the most rudimentary elements keeping “Latin America” together are put into perspective, the archaeologies of the two countries appear to have less in common than they do at first glance.Show less
Due to the Venezuelan Exodus, Peru has received over 1,2 Million Venezuelan immigrants, provoking a turn towards the criminalization and securitization of migration. This study adopts a Discourse...Show moreDue to the Venezuelan Exodus, Peru has received over 1,2 Million Venezuelan immigrants, provoking a turn towards the criminalization and securitization of migration. This study adopts a Discourse-Historical Approach to investigate how Venezuelan immigrants in Peru are socio-politically criminalized in news articles by Exitosa Noticias shared on Facebook in February 2021. In a second part, the public response to these articles will be examined through an analysis of the Facebook comments, which can give an indication of discourse patterns on Venezuelan migration among a subgroup of the Peruvian population. The main findings are that news coverage by Exitosa Noticias and the dominant discourse perpetuated by their readership has strong elements of criminalization. By use of referential and predicational strategies, the Venezuelan immigrants are represented negatively in the comments and often linked to criminality.Show less
What to do when confronted with fractured memories? This is a question that arises when thinking about the remnants of the internal conflict in Peru that took place between the years 1980 and 2000....Show moreWhat to do when confronted with fractured memories? This is a question that arises when thinking about the remnants of the internal conflict in Peru that took place between the years 1980 and 2000. The aftermath of this conflict has left the country aching for ways to represent and make sense of the events that allowed for the deaths of over 30.000 people to go unaccounted and unacknowledged until the official reports made by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission were published in 2003. The mistreatment and indifference towards the lives of the people affected by this conflict has led artists such as Maya Watanabe to look for artistic ways to deal with the remnants of the tragedy. Through her video, Liminal, the Peruvian artist strives to make sense of the traumatic memory of the victims by filming the exhumation of the clandestine mass graves where their bodies were tossed. Hence, in this thesis the implications of representing such traumatic events and the role that the medium of film has on such representation will be analysed.Show less
Political clientelism has persisted in Peru since its independence from Spain, and after the return to democracy in the 1970s. Peru is an interesting case in regards to political clientelism: while...Show morePolitical clientelism has persisted in Peru since its independence from Spain, and after the return to democracy in the 1970s. Peru is an interesting case in regards to political clientelism: while this phenomenon is normally tied to internal party organization, Peru’s parties lack consolidated organizational structures. In the 1990s the party system that developed after the democratic transition collapsed and led to the election of a political outsider, Alberto Fujimori, as president. Since then, political clientelism as it was known before the collapse of the party system disappeared and has given rise to new strategies to acquire political support.Show less
De twee taken van de Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación lijken met elkaar in conflict. Is dit echt zo? Of zijn de taken goed te combineren? Dit wordt behandeld met betrekkeing tot de Quechua...Show moreDe twee taken van de Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación lijken met elkaar in conflict. Is dit echt zo? Of zijn de taken goed te combineren? Dit wordt behandeld met betrekkeing tot de Quechua minderheid in Peru. Deze minderheid was in grote getale aanwezig in het gebied waar de burgeroorlog werd uitgevochten. Ongeveer 80% van de slachtoffers viel onder deze minderheid.Show less
The thesis looks at the concept of 'empowerment' as part of the development discourse and as a potential 'buzzword' that risks loosing meaning. The thesis analysis the interpretation and...Show moreThe thesis looks at the concept of 'empowerment' as part of the development discourse and as a potential 'buzzword' that risks loosing meaning. The thesis analysis the interpretation and implementation of the concept in women NGOs in Peru, making inferences about the incoherence surrounding the conceptualization and use of the notion. It furthermore provides a broad analysis about the evolution of the concept of women’s empowerment at different levels and the performative effect of the discourse as part of the North-South development cooperation in Latin America, especially in the Andes region. The author presents certainly a necessary reflection about the asymmetrical perceptions on social development.Show less
Jippie, bah en wauw lijken simpele non-woorden die slechts gebruikt worden als uitroepen. In het Nederlands noemen we dit tussenwerpsels. Deze woorden geven echter een heleboel informatie over de...Show moreJippie, bah en wauw lijken simpele non-woorden die slechts gebruikt worden als uitroepen. In het Nederlands noemen we dit tussenwerpsels. Deze woorden geven echter een heleboel informatie over de staat van de spreker weer: iemand is blij, vindt iets vies of is geschokt of verbaasd. Deze drie voorbeelden zijn interjecties, uitingen die de emotie van de spreker weergeven. Interjecties komen veelvuldig voor in de spreektaal van alle talen, en dus ook in het Quechua. Het Quechua is een zelfstandige taalfamilie die vanouds wordt gesproken door de oorspronkelijke bewoners in de Andes in de landen Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chili en Argentinië. Het Quechua is een taalfamilie, maar verdeeld over verschillende vertakkingen die weer eigen talen kennen. Tussen verschillende talen zijn er verschillen en overeenkomsten te vinden in interjecties, zowel in betekenis als in vorm. Het doel van deze studie is om vast te stellen hoe interjecties tot uiting komen in de talen van het Quechua. Hierbij stel ik mijzelf de vragen wat een definitie van een interjectie is, of interjecties gekenmerkt worden door een specifieke structuur, wat de functies zijn van interjecties, en of er een verband is tussen de functie en de structuur van interjecties.Show less
While development literature generally understands NGOs as main catalysts for bottom-up and cost-effective development projects, feminist critiques of women’s NGOs generally argue that they...Show moreWhile development literature generally understands NGOs as main catalysts for bottom-up and cost-effective development projects, feminist critiques of women’s NGOs generally argue that they undermine the quest of social movements for a new social order as well as the very foundations of feminism. Critical feminist scholars believe that feminism has been mainstreamed into development agendas and therefore ‘NGOized’ (Jenkins 2011, Roy 2011, Pearce 2010). The term ‘NGOization’ which is commonly understood as the depoliticization, professionalization and institutionalization of movements for social change (Kamat 2004, Hemment 2007) has been widely discussed in recent critical development literature. A point largely dismissed by critical feminist scholars analyzing the severe implications for feminist movements is the need for relativization and contextualization. This thesis contributes to filling a gap in the academic literature by discussing the relevance of a feminist critique of the process of institutionalization and professionalization of feminism and women’s grassroots movements, while at the same time exploring the extent to which the concept of ‘NGOization’ only provides a partial understanding of the realities lived by feminist activists and women at the grass-roots and at the NGO level alike. In other words, this dissertation stresses the need to move beyond a one-sided understanding of the ‘NGOization’ concept that overemphasizes the negative impacts and effects of these developments. In order to do so, this thesis argues that feminist NGOs are best understood when their hybrid nature is taken into account. Hybridity means that they expand their sphere of influence both at the grassroots levels and in the institutional sphere. As such, NGOs need to be understood as “spaces for the exercise of power, both liberatory and oppressive” (Costa 2014, 172). Therefore, the following research question is explored: What are the opportunities and limitations of transforming women’s movements into women’s NGOs in Peru?Show less
This thesis asks the question 'How can the mortuary practices of two separate Colonial era sites be compared, using the 16th century cemeteries of El Chorro de Maita in Cuba, and Magdalena de Cao...Show moreThis thesis asks the question 'How can the mortuary practices of two separate Colonial era sites be compared, using the 16th century cemeteries of El Chorro de Maita in Cuba, and Magdalena de Cao Viejo in Peru as examples', and follows this main research question with the subquestions 'how were the individuals interred?', 'how were the individuals oriented?', 'where within, or outside of, the cemeteries were the individual buried?', and 'were there grave goods present, and if so, what kinds?'. All of the research carried out rot this thesis is based entirely on literature. First, there is a brief explanation of the historical background of the two regions that the sites find themselves in, followed by a more narrowed down look at the cemeteries themselves, and the roles that they played in the encomienda and reducción systems as imposed by the Colonial Spanish. In the chapter about the burials, it becomes clear that for both sites the age and sex of a person did not seem to have mattered when it came to the location of the burial within the cemetery. Both sites also have evidence for the deposition of individuals in a Christian burial position, this is much more prevalent in the Peruvian site at Magdalena de Cao Viejo. When it comes to the presence of grave goods, they are very much lacking at Magdalena de Cao Viejo, while there is a large and varied amount of material found at El Chorro de Maita in Cuba, possibly due to a less direct amount of contact, and therefore influence, from a Spanish ruled settlement.Show less
Current research in Peru reveals that basic civil rights, cultural heritage as well as living conditions of indigenous people are being harmed by the politics of social exclusion (Mahoney. Dandre,...Show moreCurrent research in Peru reveals that basic civil rights, cultural heritage as well as living conditions of indigenous people are being harmed by the politics of social exclusion (Mahoney. Dandre, Barrón). Partially, this situation is rooted in the colonial past of the country, where Spanish colonizers conducted discriminative policies towards indigenous society, placing them at the bottoms of the hierarchical pyramid (Barron). Nevertheless, many factors that are present in today’s Peru seem to facilitate indigenous social exclusion in the fields of education and political participation. Modern researchers recently developed an idea of the involvement of various cultural institutions in the state’s programs that aim to reduce social exclusion, which seems to be more than ever relevant (Sandell, Santos, Vonk). One of the currently developed ideas is the facilitation of social inclusion of minorities through the museum. However, unlike in political and economic spheres, cultural programs in that regard are very recent and there is a strong need for clarification to what extent it would be possible to efficiently involve them in a reduction of social exclusion in society. In relation to Peru, it could be more than ever relevant to look at ways of cooperation between museums and indigenous that could have the potential to benefit the process of indigenous inclusion in the community.Show less
The concept of transitional justice is referred to actions taken to redress massive human rights violations after periods of political turmoil, state repression or armed conflict. The process of...Show moreThe concept of transitional justice is referred to actions taken to redress massive human rights violations after periods of political turmoil, state repression or armed conflict. The process of transitional justice is supposed to find the truth about the violations that occurred during a conflict and to create justice for the victims. In Peru, the transitional justice process started after the fall of the regime of former President Alberto Fujimori in 2000, and was supposed to address the human rights violations that occurred during the civil war between the State and the communist guerrilla group called the Shining Path. During Fujimori’s authoritarian regime from 1990 until 2000, there was a high level of political corruption, with branches like the judiciary, Congress, the military, the police, and even the president himself all being very corrupt. The transitional justice process tries to create more transparency and reduce impunity, which could lead to a decrease in the level of corruption. However, corruption is often not considered a human rights violation and therefore not focused on during the transitional justice process.Show less
Since the creation of the European monetary union, countries across the globe have been wondering whether or not they too should form a monetary union. This thesis will examine to what extent it is...Show moreSince the creation of the European monetary union, countries across the globe have been wondering whether or not they too should form a monetary union. This thesis will examine to what extent it is a good idea for four Latin American countries to form a monetary union. The countries in question are Colombia, Chile, Peru and Brazil. These countries have been chosen because similar to the EMU, they share similar characteristics that are essential for the formation of a monetary union. This thesis will look a key questions regarding whether or not these countries should do it, if it’s optimal and if they can form an optimal currency area. To answer these questions, this thesis will look at macroeconomic variables including inflation and government debt. The combination of academic sources and hard economic data will ensure that the question can be answered in a clear and consistent manner. At the end of this thesis there will be a general conclusion whether or not these countries should form a monetary union and if this can become optimal.Show less
