This thesis explores the framing of the burqa ban in the Dutch media over the past decade, focusing on the divergence between left-wing (Volkskrant) and right-wing (Telegraaf) newspapers, potential...Show moreThis thesis explores the framing of the burqa ban in the Dutch media over the past decade, focusing on the divergence between left-wing (Volkskrant) and right-wing (Telegraaf) newspapers, potential polarizing frames, and the shifts in media narratives pre and post-implementation of the ban. The analysis is guided by framing theory, which shows the dominant frames visible in the newspapers and explores the dynamic interplay between media, public opinion, and politics. A framework of five frames, guided by Semetko and Valkenburg’s frames, has been constructed for this research. These are the Moral, Political, Societal Impact, Policy Conflict, and Security frames. The Volkskrant is characterized as progressive and socially oriented. The dominant frame between 2012 and 2022 has been the Societal Impact frame, emphasizing the ban’s consequences for society. In contrast, the Telegraaf, known for its activist and critical stance, used the Political Conflict frame the most often, focusing on discussions around implementing the ban. Contrary to expectations, the study has not identified a polarizing trend over time in the analysis. Moreover, it was concluded that the newspapers are growing convergent with their opinions concerning the burqa ban. When looking at the impact the implementation of the burqa ban has had on the dominant frames, a shift is visible post-implementation. Both newspapers have increased the use of the Societal Impact frame, increasing attention to the law’s implications. Looking forward, this thesis suggests additional research, including an exploration of the beginning of the debate in 2005, the recent victory of Wilders’ PVV, and other newspapers.Show less
The rationale behind economic voting is simple: the citizen votes for the government if the economy is doing all right; otherwise, the vote is against (Lewis-Beck and Stegmaier 2000). However,...Show moreThe rationale behind economic voting is simple: the citizen votes for the government if the economy is doing all right; otherwise, the vote is against (Lewis-Beck and Stegmaier 2000). However, various studies have found cross-country and across-time variation regarding the intensity of economic voting (e.g., Paldam 1991; Anderson 1995; Duch and Stevenson 2008), leading an increasing number of scholars to discuss and test potential moderators of the economic vote equation (e.g., Anderson 2000; Duch and Stevenson 2008). Nonetheless, only a few authors have regarded the characteristics of the alternative to the underperforming incumbent, the opposition, as potential moderating factors (Anderson 2000; Maeda 2009; Ferrer 2023). Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to understand how the configuration of the parliamentary opposition, regarding its fragmentation and polarization, impacts its viability as an alternative and, consequently, the intensity of economic voting. Using data from 208 elections that took place in 29 European democracies between 1989 and 2021, I found that a more fragmented opposition actually increases the intensity of economic voting. However, I did not reach any statistically significant conclusions regarding the effect of the polarization of the opposition on the intensity of economic voting.Show less
With the increase in polarization worldwide, the danger of democracies not working anymore and societies breaking apart has become an increasingly real prospect. Previous research concluded that,...Show moreWith the increase in polarization worldwide, the danger of democracies not working anymore and societies breaking apart has become an increasingly real prospect. Previous research concluded that, in general, Rightists tend to be more aggressive towards outgroup members than Leftists; recent studies, however, have challenged this by proposing affective responses are symmetrical in both groups. 200 Leftists and 200 Rightists were recruited from the United Kingdom and the United States with the aim of finding differences in aggression directed to ingroup and outgroup members. Using the Attacker-Defender Contest to assure context-neutrality and a mixed ANOVA to test for interactions between political ideology and aggression, results showed an increased rate of aggression towards outgroup members by Leftists only. Furthermore, a statistically significant interaction between political ideology and aggression was found.Show less
Confederate symbols are still used by many Southerners these days. The use of these symbols are researched and discussed by many scholars before. However none have used the theory of cultural...Show moreConfederate symbols are still used by many Southerners these days. The use of these symbols are researched and discussed by many scholars before. However none have used the theory of cultural memory to describe these cultural activities. In this thesis, with the help of Cultural memory theories, the use of Confederate symbols will be explained with the help of three different case studies.Show less
This thesis investigates the use of ad hominem arguments in American political debates in relation to the degree of polarization. The types of ad hominem arguments, the fallaciousness of the...Show moreThis thesis investigates the use of ad hominem arguments in American political debates in relation to the degree of polarization. The types of ad hominem arguments, the fallaciousness of the arguments and the use of mitigation techniques are examined in this. Since an increase in polarization in United States politics is visible and ad hominem arguments are a symptom of polarization, one could expect an increase in frequency of ad hominem usage and an increase of frequency of fallacious ad hominems. Since Trump is perceived as the cause of the increasing polarization according to surveys, it could be expected that he uses more ad hominem arguments and more fallacious ad hominem arguments than his opponent. To test these hypotheses, a corpus was composed of 6 American presidential debates, 3 from the 2008 presidential campaigns and 3 from the 2016 presidential campaigns. To analyse this corpus, the four types of ad hominem arguments that Tindale (2007) distinguishes serve as guidelines. Tindale’s (2007) critical questions for identifying and evaluating ad hominem arguments are used to determine the fallaciousness of the arguments. The use of Ilie’s (2004) mitigation techniques within the corpus is also examined. This way, this study attempts to connect the evaluation of ad hominem arguments to polarization in politics. This study shows that the frequency of ad hominem use in the 2016 presidential debates was more than twice as high as in 2008. The frequency of ad hominem use was nearly equal between Trump and Clinton, but Trump’s fallacious ad hominem use had a significantly higher frequency. The amount of mitigation strategies used in the debates was found to be near zero. This means that some of the outcomes of this study are in line with the expectations: the increase in ad hominem frequency in 2016 versus 2008 and Trump’s higher frequency of fallacious ad hominem use. The fact that Trump and Clinton used a nearly equal amount of ad hominem arguments in the debates and the fact that the use of mitigation techniques was rare was not in accordance with expectations. Overall, the ad hominem use in the debates seems to support the idea of an increase in polarization in American politics. The ad hominem use in the debates also seems to support the idea that Trump has a relatively big influence on this increase, compared to his opponent.Show less
This thesis deals with securitization and desecuritization of immigration in right and left wing media in the United States as evidence of polarization through applying critical discourse analysis....Show moreThis thesis deals with securitization and desecuritization of immigration in right and left wing media in the United States as evidence of polarization through applying critical discourse analysis. Considering the current political climate in which matters such as immigration, race and social class are being securitized, research that focuses on how the right and the left wing securitize/desecuritize is important.Show less
Europe recently played victim to various acts of Islamic terrorism. Multiple attacks on different targets put European countries in fear for more attacks, making some Europeans anxious about the...Show moreEurope recently played victim to various acts of Islamic terrorism. Multiple attacks on different targets put European countries in fear for more attacks, making some Europeans anxious about the flow of refugees coming to Europe. However, most terrorist appear to be 2nd or 3rd generation migrants, making Europe’s terrorist threat mostly an home grown issue. This article tries to broaden the knowledge about home-grown radicalization in Europe by analyzing the root causes of radicalization as they are present in society, and by comparing the Dutch and Belgian society subsequently.Show less
The Christian left in the Netherlands has yet to produce an electorally viable party capable of winning a national election. Despite the promising political start of the Politieke Partij Radikalen...Show moreThe Christian left in the Netherlands has yet to produce an electorally viable party capable of winning a national election. Despite the promising political start of the Politieke Partij Radikalen in 1968, no party on the Christian left has had parliamentary representation in the Tweede Kamer since 1991. The aim of this thesis is to discern which factors bear culpability for preventing the emergence of an electorally potent party on the Christian left over the past 50 years. Two case studies from the Netherlands and one comparative case study from Italy have been conducted with that objective in mind. Through analyzing existing academic scholarship and party manifestos, five overarching factors that have undermined the Christian left have been identified: the legacies of pillarization, consociational governance, the secularization of Dutch society, social conservatism in Orthodox Protestant Communities, and the ideological distance of the Christian left’s representatives from the political center.Show less
High-fidelity single photon sources are required for quantum information technologies and fundamental research. Recently near-unity single photon purity and near-unity indistinguishability have...Show moreHigh-fidelity single photon sources are required for quantum information technologies and fundamental research. Recently near-unity single photon purity and near-unity indistinguishability have been shown in resonantly pumped quantum dots embedded in an optical cavity. In this thesis we provide a theoretical framework and experimental results on polarization non-degenerate self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots inside a polarization non-degenerate cavity, and show that by filtering the polarization the brightness of the single photon source can be enhanced. We furthermore describe the resulting output light analytically as a mixture of single photons and coherent light and derive a simple expression for the purity of the single photon source. Lastly we present pulsed measurements of this quantum dot-cavity system, and show that the purity of the single photon source is 98%.Show less
Spectropolarimetry is a versatile technique that allows an observer to measure both the spectrum of an object and the polarization of each point on that spectrum. Spectropolarimeters, like other...Show moreSpectropolarimetry is a versatile technique that allows an observer to measure both the spectrum of an object and the polarization of each point on that spectrum. Spectropolarimeters, like other spectrographs, generally use a slit to restrict their field of view to a line. However, slits have a long history of polarizing the light they transmit. Although multiple theories exist, and the polarizing behavior of slits near wavelength-scale is experimentally well-tested, the polarizing behavior of the generally wider spectrographic slits is less well-known and well-tested. We present a first step towards a new general model of the polarizing effects of slits based on waveguide theory and the eigenmode expansion that already shows the general expected behavior; linear polarization perpendicular to the slit’s long axis, as well as retardation effects with a similar perpendicular fast axis. Additionally, we tried to experimentally test the model’s predictions, but our setup proved insufficient. This was due to systematic errors, which could be removed using a different method, for which we provide suggestions.Show less
