Scholars have thoroughly researched the political backlash against the LGBTI community in Poland and Hungary after EU accession. As time has passed, a new wave has arisen. With very little research...Show moreScholars have thoroughly researched the political backlash against the LGBTI community in Poland and Hungary after EU accession. As time has passed, a new wave has arisen. With very little research conducted concerning this new wave or its relation to the earlier wave, it is time to update the body of literature surrounding politicized LGBTI phobia. Therefore, this thesis researches how politicized LGBTI phobia has developed in Poland and Hungary since their accession into the EU in 2004. This question has been answered through an examination of academic articles and NGO reports from the earlier wave, and a thematic analysis of interviews with local and transnational actors combined with information of NGO reports about the current wave. Thematic analysis has been used to analyze these interviews and this thesis utilizes antagonism theory as the wider framework. This thesis observes both parallels and differences among the waves within Poland and Hungary individually and the totality of waves between the two countries. There are continuations of factors, but also new factors to be found in the new waves. This thesis concludes that politicized LGBTI phobia has come in waves, with a shift towards anti-migration narratives in between the two waves. Furthermore, the developments consist of unique domestic factors, regional parallels that can be understood as echos, and also global developments such as the overall anti-gender and anti-LGBTI movements. New factors include new intensified forms of previous characteristics which are for example LGBT free zones, rule by decree, NGO restructuring and family mainstreaming. However, it is apparent that the latest wave has not yet ended and is showing no evidence of dissipating.Show less
This paper locates sexuality/ies within the field of International Relations by identifying how the latter shapes and is shaped by sexualities. Through the empirical application of the concept of ...Show moreThis paper locates sexuality/ies within the field of International Relations by identifying how the latter shapes and is shaped by sexualities. Through the empirical application of the concept of ‘Ethical Power Europe’ to the 2016 EU-Turkey Statement, and the analysis of Turkish ‘conservative democracy’ and 'traditional social life', it analyses the consequences for sexual minorities in Turkey. The use of Queer International Relations allows for the realisation of Turkey as an ‘unsafe haven’ and of how figurations of LGBTIQ asylum-seekers/refugees are less protected there. In contrast, this reflects on the concepts of ethics and universalism implied in ‘Ethical Power Europe’, and the EU's level of protection of sexual minorities.Show less
