Een setback is een tijdelijke terugval bij het streven naar een gedragsdoel. Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat mensen regelmatig niet optimaal reageren op een terugval. Ondanks veel studies naar self...Show moreEen setback is een tijdelijke terugval bij het streven naar een gedragsdoel. Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat mensen regelmatig niet optimaal reageren op een terugval. Ondanks veel studies naar self-efficacy en doeloriëntaties bij setbacks, ontbreekt het begrip van hoe deze factoren elkaar beïnvloeden in het specifieke geval van de drie deelconstructen van self-efficacy: taak self-efficacy, onderhoud self-efficacy en herstel self-efficacy. Dit onderzoek onderzocht de invloed van approach- en avoidance-doelen op deze deelconstructen bij mensen die een setback hebben ervaren. Met behulp van een online vragenlijst over gedragsdoelen op het gebied van voeding, alcohol, nicotine, fysieke activiteit, schermtijd, gelduitgave en tijd voor hobby’s of ontspanning, zijn de participanten gevraagd naar hun gedragsdoelen en de setbacks die zij hebben ervaren. De respondenten (N=152) waren tussen de 17-30 jaar en streefden minstens een van deze gedragsdoelen na. Drie afzonderlijke t-testen vergeleken de deelconstructen van self-efficacy tussen approach- en avoidance-doelen. Resultaten toonden aan dat deelnemers met een approach-doel een hogere taak en onderhoud self-efficacy hadden na een setback dan degenen met een avoidance-doel. Herstel self-efficacy werd niet beïnvloed door doeloriëntatie en had een lagere correlatie met taak en onderhoud self-efficacy. De relatie tussen doeloriëntatie en de deelconstructen van self-efficacy bleek daarmee niet eenduidig. Mogelijke verklaringen voor deze bevindingen kunnen liggen bij individuele verschillen en andere psychologische mechanismen die niet zijn onderzocht in deze studie. Deze bevindingen kunnen worden gebruikt voor het ontwikkelen van effectievere interventies. Daarnaast benadrukken deze bevindingen het belang van verder onderzoek naar de afzonderlijke deelconstructen van self-efficacy en hun relatie bij setbacks.Show less
In deze studie wordt onderzocht wat het verband is tussen het sociaal welbevinden dat leerkrachten binnen hun eigen schoolteam ervaren en de mate van self-efficacy die zij hebben op het gebied van...Show moreIn deze studie wordt onderzocht wat het verband is tussen het sociaal welbevinden dat leerkrachten binnen hun eigen schoolteam ervaren en de mate van self-efficacy die zij hebben op het gebied van burgerschapsonderwijs. Hiervoor is er een zelfontworpen vragenlijst, gedeeltelijk overgenomen van bestaande vragenlijsten, aan leerkrachten van eenzelfde stichting voorgelegd. In totaal hebben 59 leerkrachten de vragenlijst volledig ingevuld. Uit de resultaten bleek dat een groot deel van de respondenten een hoge mate van self-efficacy alsmede een hoge mate van sociaal welbevinden rapporteerden. Er is geen significant verband gevonden tussen de mate van self-efficacy op het gebied van burgerschapsonderwijs en het sociaal welbevinden. Hierdoor kan de onderzoeksvraag niet positief beantwoord worden. Mogelijk is er sprake van een type II-fout. De huidige studie kent een aantal beperkingen die daarnaast mogelijk ook een oorzaak hebben gespeeld in het niet gevonden significante verband. Het niet gevonden verband impliceert dat er meer onderzoek gedaan moet worden naar andere factoren welke invloed hebben op de self-efficacy van een leerkracht op het gebied van burgerschapsonderwijs.Show less
We still have limited knowledge about why some therapists outperform others. This may be due to our little understanding about which variables predict higher facilitative interpersonal skills (FIS)...Show moreWe still have limited knowledge about why some therapists outperform others. This may be due to our little understanding about which variables predict higher facilitative interpersonal skills (FIS). With the aid of a Pearson correlation analysis, we aimed to determine whether therapists with higher self-efficacy (GSE) were more likely to perform better in the FIS-task. Previous literature that has analysed self-efficacy’s effect on performance is contradictory and incomplete in the therapist population. We also still have little understanding on whether and to what extent therapists’ physiological arousal impacts their performance. Hence, we also aimed to determine whether skin conductance mediated the relationship between therapists’ self-efficacy and their FIS-scores. In this randomised, counterbalanced study, 74 therapists filled in the general self-efficacy scale (GSE-S) and participated in the FIS-task, which measured their verbal and non-verbal behaviours while responding to pre-recorded video clips of benign and difficult client case stories. Inconsistent with a priori expectations, our results revealed that in the challenging condition, therapists with higher GSE performed worse in the FIS-task. Furthermore, skin conductance did not mediate the relationship between therapists’ self-efficacy and their FIS-performance. We suggested the possibility of an inverted U-model relationship between GSE and therapists’ FIS-scores, and the importance of including more therapists with low GSE in future replications. We also addressed several limitations in our study, which if remedied, hold promising prospects for future investigations regarding the effect of therapists’ self-efficacy and physiological arousal on therapists’ performance.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
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Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating and pervasive disorder involving persistent preoccupations with intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualized actions or behaviors...Show moreBackground: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating and pervasive disorder involving persistent preoccupations with intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualized actions or behaviors (compulsions). Investigating the mechanisms underlying the development, maintenance, and treatment outcome can increase our understanding of the heterogeneity of the OCD population. One factor that may affect OCD symptom severity is self-efficacy, which is the belief in one’s capacity to perform necessary behaviors for goal attainment. Another potential factor is experiential avoidance, the avoidance of negatively perceived inner experiences including thoughts, emotions, memories, or physical sensations. This cross-sectional study is embedded in the 3D (Doorbreek Dwang Digitaal) study, which is a randomized controlled trial investigating the treatment effects of treatment for OCD by comparing exposure as usual and a personalized online approach to this therapy. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between baseline levels of self-efficacy, experiential avoidance, and OCD symptom severity in patients with OCD. Methods: To this end, the baseline questionnaires of self-efficacy (the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for OCD; SEQ-OCD) and experiential avoidance (the Avoidance and Acceptance Questionnaire; AAQ-II), and a structured interview for OCD symptom severity (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; Y-BOCS) were used. A multiple linear regression model tested the relationship between baseline scores on the SEQ-OCD, AAQ-II, and Y-BOCS of 40 participants diagnosed with OCD. Consecutively, a hierarchical and a k-means clustering analysis were performed, to form clusters of participants using the SEQ-OCD, AAQ-II, and Y-BOCS baseline scores. Results: Results showed that self-efficacy had a significant negative relationship with OCD symptom severity, as higher levels of self-efficacy were associated with a lower level of OCD symptom severity. However, this relationship was not significant anymore when experiential avoidance was added to the model. Experiential avoidance was not significantly related to OCD symptom severity or self-efficacy. With hierarchical and k-means clustering, two clusters were identified that significantly differed in levels of self-efficacy, OCD symptom severity, and experiential avoidance. One cluster showed significantly higher levels of OCD symptom severity and experiential avoidance and significantly lower levels of self-efficacy. This cluster also experienced more obsessions involving contamination, religion, symmetry/ordering, and more compulsions involving cleaning and counting. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is a relationship between self-efficacy and OCD symptom severity. Moreover, we found evidence of distinct groups of OCD patients with different levels of self-efficacy, OCD symptom severity, experiential avoidance, and different OCD symptom subtypes. This may indicate a differential role of self-efficacy and experiential avoidance across the different OCD symptom subtypes. Limitations of this study included the small sample size and the overrepresentation of females and the contamination obsession subtype. Future studies using larger sample sizes and a more diverse sample are required to further establish the precise mechanism of self-efficacy and symptom subtype in the development and maintenance of OCD.Show less
A universal basic income (UBI) is a government program in which citizens regularly receive a fixed amount of money regardless of whether they work or not. Many opponents believe that motivation to...Show moreA universal basic income (UBI) is a government program in which citizens regularly receive a fixed amount of money regardless of whether they work or not. Many opponents believe that motivation to work will decrease with the introduction of a UBI. Previous studies show different results, so it remains unclear whether the willingness to work would change. This research contributes to this discussion by further investigating the effect of a UBI on the willingness to work. In addition, the variables self-efficacy and framing were also included. The expectation was that the willingness to work would not decrease and that self-efficacy and framing would influence the choice of whether or not to work. A total of 162 students who study at Universiteit Leiden were recruited. Each of these students were placed in one of three different conditions. These are the 1. UBI condition, 2. CBI loss frame condition and 3. CBI gain frame condition. This study measured the willingness to work in each condition. The Gills & Prowse slider task was used to measure the willingness to work. The GSES questionnaire was used to measure self-efficacy. The results show that the willingness to work in the UBI condition is higher than in the CBI loss frame condition. People do not stop working when they receive a UBI and, on average, choose to work more often than people who receive a CBI. Self-efficacy appears to be unrelated to willingness to work. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing public debate.Show less
