Literature in the field of personality research has found personality traits to be key when it comes to understanding mental illness (Schomerus et al, 2013). Introversion specifically has been...Show moreLiterature in the field of personality research has found personality traits to be key when it comes to understanding mental illness (Schomerus et al, 2013). Introversion specifically has been found to be associated with several mental illnesses (Janowsky et al, 2001; Kotov et al, 2013). For this reason, it was investigated to what extent introversion is correlated with depression, as it is a highly prevalent disorder with major consequences to the wellbeing of those who suffer it (Trivedi, 2020). More specifically, the research questions is: “To what extent is personality trait introversion associated with depression?”. Based on studies such as the ones shown previously, the hypothesis was that introversion would be positively correlated with depression. For these purposes, European Social Survey data was used, as it provides a huge sample and utilises questions similar to those found in a clinical setting such as Beck’s Depression Inventory (Beck , Steer & Garbin, 1988). Logistic regression was utilised when performing the analysis, and several models were created and compared. Confounding variables like gender, income and highest achieved education level were taken into account. The results showed that introversion was correlated with depression, in line with the initial hypothesis. However, only one of the two components that make up introversion was correlated with it. One of the biggest implications of this finding is that studies in the future should look into how the components of each personality trait are associated with any given mental illness, rather than traits as a whole. Future research is needed to explore in further detail how introversion is correlated with depression.Show less
This thesis analyses the role of the socio-political landscape for the constantly changing burial rituals of mainland Spain during the early medieval period. Mainland Spain contains a highly...Show moreThis thesis analyses the role of the socio-political landscape for the constantly changing burial rituals of mainland Spain during the early medieval period. Mainland Spain contains a highly complex socio-political landscape, with different kingdoms, cultures, and religions entering and spreading across the urban and rural areas alike. The related burial practices of these socio-political units are all identified and well-known, but this information lacks accessibility and an overview. Therefore, a simple, yet extensive overview in the form of an open database was created for this research, with the goal of visualizing different transformations in burial rituals and practices. 14 unique archaeological sites were selected, resulting in 15 database entries. Besides general burial information and rituals, four common burial practices were used to display any change or continuation within the dataset, being grave goods, location within the wider landscape, body position, and grave furniture. I found that the dataset mostly coincides with the standard burial rituals of the related cultures and religions. Changes in the socio-political landscape, such as the introduction of monotheistic religions (i.e. Christianity, Islam), heavily coincide with large transformations in burial rituals. Almost every funerary aspect changes according to the standardized burial rituals forced upon by the elites in power, in the form of top-down processes. However, a multitude of exceptions, such as unique burial practices, were present in the dataset. These irregularities were most likely caused by either an admixture of populations, causing burials to combine into different separate burial practices, or rural populations resisting both top-down processes and the admixture of populations, by practicing local beliefs and traditions in mostly isolated burial areas. The effect of the environment on burial rituals is also an important factor, as certain unique burial practices were the sole result of the buriers adapting to specific environments. Thus, this thesis has shown the influence of the socio-political landscape on burial practices, resulting in change, continuation, and irregularities to occur, while also providing a database that can be expanded in the future by adding more sites and funerary aspects, which will increase in accessibility of this information to researchers and the public alike.Show less
This thesis delves into how the Catalan drought is depicted in regional and national newspapers, examining diverse perspectives and thematic emphases. A qualitative content analysis was conducted...Show moreThis thesis delves into how the Catalan drought is depicted in regional and national newspapers, examining diverse perspectives and thematic emphases. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on 30 articles from El Periódico de Catalunya and El País to identify key themes such as water usage restrictions, economic impacts, public health, and policy failings. The articles were systematically coded using Atlas.ti, employing an inductive approach to allow frames to emerge from the data. The study revealed significant disparities in how regional and national newspapers framed the issue. National newspapers focused on the broader socio-economic and public health impacts, portraying the drought as a severe national crisis necessitating urgent policy responses. Conversely, regional newspapers highlighted the immediate local impacts, such as specific economic losses in agriculture and tourism, and provided detailed accounts of water usage policy implementations. The research emphasises the crucial impact of media framing on shaping public discussion and government reactions to environmental challenges. The broader perspective offered by national media can influence national policy actions, while regional media can address local issues. This dual approach can lead to a more holistic strategy for managing drought. This study adds to academic conversations about media framing and environmental communication, highlighting the media's ability to shape public opinion and policy during environmental crises.Show less
Why do Member States, that are similar in many aspects, still have varying levels of compliance? As current compliance theories are unable to answer this question a new theory has been developed...Show moreWhy do Member States, that are similar in many aspects, still have varying levels of compliance? As current compliance theories are unable to answer this question a new theory has been developed that adds an historical aspect into compliance research: the challenging attitude approach. This theory proposes that earlier adopted attitudes by Member States, that range from agreeable to challenging, which they display before, during and after infringement proceedings, affect future compliance. Member States initially base these attitudes on a normative assumption about the importance of compliance to a policy field. For this research the Netherlands has been compared to Belgium, which yearly faces twice the amount of infringement proceedings as the Netherlands. Portugal has been to Spain, which faces from 10% more to twice the amount of infringement proceedings as Portugal. Their portrayed attitudes in regards to the Dangerous Substances Directive and the Birds Directive have been studied. This research showed, however, that Belgium did not adopt a challenging attitude more often than the Netherlands. Spain did adopt a challenging attitude more often than Portugal. There was also great variation displayed by Member States in adopted attitude per directive. However, there appears to be a correlation between adopted attitude and future compliance. More research is needed to make substantial claims about the challenging attitude approach.Show less
This document contains my BA-thesis on the use of the gerund in a Spanish novel from the Ecuadorian Andes and a Spanish novel from Spain. It will give a description of each of the gerundial uses...Show moreThis document contains my BA-thesis on the use of the gerund in a Spanish novel from the Ecuadorian Andes and a Spanish novel from Spain. It will give a description of each of the gerundial uses and provide ideas for future research.Show less
Deze scriptie bestudeert het politieke klimaat van Frans-Baskenland tussen 1887 en 1907 aan de hand van de krant genaamd Eskualduna. De krant werd opgericht in 1887 en doet vanuit een katholiek en...Show moreDeze scriptie bestudeert het politieke klimaat van Frans-Baskenland tussen 1887 en 1907 aan de hand van de krant genaamd Eskualduna. De krant werd opgericht in 1887 en doet vanuit een katholiek en conservatief perspectief verslag over zowel de nationale als de lokale politiek. Dit werkstuk onderzoekt hoe de krant zich verhield tot aan de ene kant het Baskische nationalisme, een ideologie die streeft naar een onafhankelijke Baskische staat, en aan de andere kant het Franse regionalisme, een gedachtegoed waarin de Franse regio's worden verheerlijkt, maar binnen een Frans-nationalistisch raamwerk.Show less
The judicial system is the pillar of fairness and accountability in the nation state and women’s inability to access it to the same extent as men highlights a more hidden form of inequality that is...Show moreThe judicial system is the pillar of fairness and accountability in the nation state and women’s inability to access it to the same extent as men highlights a more hidden form of inequality that is however embedded with the others, notably socioeconomic dependency. It proves that while laws are necessary to ensure women’s rights, formal equality does not correspond to effective equality as discrimination remains present in various aspects of society. This research contributes to the investigation of barriers as well as good practices that can foster a more effective response to women’s access to justice while taking into consideration the strength and weaknesses offered by a centralized and decentralized approach.Show less
The critical infrastructure is at the core of a well-functioning society (Mussington, 2021). Through technological developments, the critical infrastructure is increasingly regulated through the...Show moreThe critical infrastructure is at the core of a well-functioning society (Mussington, 2021). Through technological developments, the critical infrastructure is increasingly regulated through the internet. However, digitalization has made the critical infrastructure more vulnerable to digital disruptions (OECD, 2012). Therefore, it is a vital interest for national governments to protect the critical infrastructure from digital threats (Mussington, 2021). Within this cybersecurity domain, a multitude of stakeholders is collaborating to carry out the governance of cybersecurity. However, yet little attention has been designated to the organizational structure of the cybersecurity governance domain, according to Kuerbis & Baldiei (2017). While zooming in on the organizational aspect, this research aims to fill this gap in academic knowledge by gaining insight into the cybersecurity governance approaches of Spain and the Netherlands regarding critical infrastructure protection. The findings of the research indicate that public-private partnerships are more prominent in the Dutch context. The Spanish cybersecurity governance approach revolves around the security services present in the country. Moreover, the study concludes that the Spanish approach is characterized by a market governance structure, whereas the Dutch are following a networked governance structure. The research framework and findings have offered the foundations to unpack the organizational structure within the cybersecurity domain. Applying other lenses on this matter will increase the academic confidence in the organizational aspect within the cybersecurity domain.Show less
In Liébana, an area in Northern Spain, one can identify fourteen (14) early medieval fortifications. Each of these fourteen fortifications can be found on high altitude locations. Current research...Show moreIn Liébana, an area in Northern Spain, one can identify fourteen (14) early medieval fortifications. Each of these fourteen fortifications can be found on high altitude locations. Current research emphasises that visibility from and between these fourteen fortifications is an important aspect. However, no methodological study has been done previously to substantiate visibility as a key characteristics of the fortifications. This research therefore aims to establish an overview of the visibility of the fortifications to create more insight in their use and function in the early medieval society of Liébana. The research makes use of GIS to examine the extend and characteristics of visibility methodologically by creating different viewsheds and an intervisibility network. In order to make this work, a DEM file is created to and coordinates of the fortifications are established. The results of this research are presented in maps. The maps indicate that fortifications were visible throughout the landscape whilst the fortifications could at the same time actively control the main access points into Liébana. The results presented in the maps in addition show how the fortifications could visually communicate under varying circumstances throughout Liébana. This research therefore shows that visibility is indeed a key characteristic of the high altitude fortificationsShow less
In 1973, the emergence of all-powerful statesmen in the principal European monarchies was identified by Bérenger as the Euroepan phenomenon of the minister-favourite. In 1999, Elliott and Brockliss...Show moreIn 1973, the emergence of all-powerful statesmen in the principal European monarchies was identified by Bérenger as the Euroepan phenomenon of the minister-favourite. In 1999, Elliott and Brockliss actualized and expanded the understanding of this phenomenon with the help of various scholars and the latest advances in the study of the principal minster-favourites. Taking as a reference the last studies of Orry and Dubois, this paper will analyze their memorials to measure the degree to which the context of the early 18th century promoted the reemergence of the power and state conceptualization held by the original minister-favourites.Show less
By carrying oral history analysis, this thesis looks at the political activism of Chilean women exiled in Spain from a gender perspective. It highlights the role of gender and stereotypes in women...Show moreBy carrying oral history analysis, this thesis looks at the political activism of Chilean women exiled in Spain from a gender perspective. It highlights the role of gender and stereotypes in women's experience towards their "exilic condition" before and upon arrival to Spain, as well as political activism within and outside the Chilean community during the Spanish transition and arrival of the Spanish Socialist Party to the government in the 1980s. The main findings are: 1) despite their political activism before and during the government of the socialist Salvador Allende and in some cases clandestinely after the 1973’s coup, most women highlight motherhood and the role of their more visible partners in politics as the breaking point in their decision to self-exile. However, by identifying with the social identity of “political exile” based on their activism, their political identity and gender roles from Chilean society cross each other showing a conflicting experience. 2) the gendered division of labour framed Chilean women participation among the Chilean community in Spain, being assigned so-called “female tasks” based on the gendered division of labour which many times kept them invisible from Chilean transnationalism in Spain. And 3) As a result, a group of women organized outside the traditional organics of the Chilean movement to advocate for human rights in Chile and Latin America incorporating the struggles and role of women in these regards. The two cases analyzed are the Chilean women’s association “Tralún” located in Madrid who advocated for human rights in Chile and Latin America from a feminist approach. Likewise, the case of the lawyer and Chilean Judge Alicia Herrera Rivera who became the face against gender violence in Spain in 1983 is analyzed. Herrera’s case shows how her involvement in the feminist movement imposed a “new exile” this time from the Chilean community as her advocacy for women’s rights was seen as a threat to the working-class unity in the Chilean Left.Show less
The topic of challenging gender stereotypes within the music genre of Reggaeton is a timely and relevant one in the European Union, the research question that this thesis is aiming to answer is: To...Show moreThe topic of challenging gender stereotypes within the music genre of Reggaeton is a timely and relevant one in the European Union, the research question that this thesis is aiming to answer is: To what extent are female gender stereotypes challenged in the lyrics of Spanish female Reggaeton performers? In order to do so, two well-known Reggaeton songs were analysed. The analysis was made through the close reading of the denotative and connotative meaning expressed in the lyrics and critical discourse analysis with musical discourse analysis. By using two songs sung by women this thesis explores, through a feminist lens, the appropriation of the musical genre of reggaeton as a subversive tool for commentary on gender stereotypes. This research concluded that Reggaeton is transformed by the relevant artist into a feminist instrument for the dissemination of feminist messages since the female characters have a history of constantly defending themselves from prejudices for instance, whereas males do not.Show less
In this thesis, the zooarchaeological assemblages from the Tabacalera site are compared with each other and changes in animal husbandry strategies and diet are studied. Afterward they are also...Show moreIn this thesis, the zooarchaeological assemblages from the Tabacalera site are compared with each other and changes in animal husbandry strategies and diet are studied. Afterward they are also compared to other data from the Iberian Peninsula known for the periods in question. These assemblage date to the Late Roman Period (5th-6th centuries) and the Middle Ages (8th to 16th, but mainly 14th to 16th). The Late Roman assemblage exists of carcasses dumped after a catastrophic event and the medieval assemblage was accumulated over de course of the centuries. These differences in accumulation made it hard to compare the two assemblages. To asses the possible changes a plethora of methods was used: species ratios, element distribution, mortality profiles, osteometric analysis and the distribution of taphonomic marks. In addition to the mammal fragments these methods were used on, species distribution is also discussed for the other animal groups, such as birds. All in all, this led to the following conclusions. Firstly, due to the different taphonomy and accumulation the two assemblages can barely be compared when animal husbandry and diet is considered. Some conclusions, however are possible. Secondly, cattle were the animals that were produced at the site. The focus of production lay on a mix of meat and secondary products. A part of the cattle was used for milk, ploughing and traction, and not consumed until old age and a part was slaughtered for meat and likely traded to a high-status or urban site in the area. Pig and sheep/goats were animals consumed at the site, but not produced or traded. The only product of pig was meat and sheep/goats were kept for mixed production of both wool and meat. Other species formed a supplement to this diet. Mainly these are chicken and turkey. The presence of turkey is special due to its only recent introduction to the country. Other animal groups still need to be studied. The medieval assemblage fits with the characteristics of a rural Christian site near a high-status or urban settlement during the High Middle Ages in Northern Spain. The changes that could be determined between the Roman and medieval assemblages were the change in socio economic status from high-status Roman to rural medieval. This was also attested by historical sources. There was also a change in primary consumption animal and the breed improvement of cattle known in the area from the Roman period ceased in the Middle Ages, resulting in a decrease in cattle size. The size of the sheep (that were already small during the Roman period) stayed the same during the Middle Ages. This resulted in the conclusion that no breed improvement took place 71 and that the mixed production known for the Roman period stayed the same in the Middle Ages. In conclusion, between the Late Roman period and the (High) Middle Ages the site underwent many changes with little continuity between the periods. These changes envelope both taphonomical and husbandry changes.Show less
The 2008 economic crisis and the subsequent austerity measures have given a great push for research related to gender issues. These studies indicate a link between austerity measures and gender...Show moreThe 2008 economic crisis and the subsequent austerity measures have given a great push for research related to gender issues. These studies indicate a link between austerity measures and gender effects. In line with these contributions, this research will present a study on Spain as an exemplary case for the interrelatedness of gender and austerity measures in the period 2008-2014. By analysing whether gender perspectives were taken into account in austerity measures on both the labour market and welfare policies, it is shown that gender perspective were rarely included. Additionally, the second part of the analysis focusses on the actual status of gender to see the effect of this lack of a gender perspective in the austerity measures. This gives a dual answer, whereby gender differences are not visible for all used labour market indicators. In general, this research shows the complexity of the austerity measures situation from a feminist GPE perspective, which results in an advise of incorporating gender perspectives on a regular basis as policy-makers, in order to be able to take gender and gender effects better into account in future economic policy-making.Show less
After the Eurozone crisis, the problem rooted in the Spanish political system exposed and the population wanted to create an alternative democracy to replace the dominant one, a series of social...Show moreAfter the Eurozone crisis, the problem rooted in the Spanish political system exposed and the population wanted to create an alternative democracy to replace the dominant one, a series of social movements were initiated afterwards. This thesis aims to deliver an analysis regarding the influence of using cyberspace in a contemporary social movement, Acampada Sol (Occupying La Puerta del Sol). By applying the "Imagined Community" theory from Benedict Anderson, I found that the changing material condition and technological development would affect the way people participate in the social movement. Looking at the application of the latest online technology, Acampada Sol demonstrates a new way of doing social movements.Show less
