With the growing complexity of nowadays society and challenges that are putting a strain on humanity, it becomes more urgent for children to grow resilient and develop the skills to prevent mental...Show moreWith the growing complexity of nowadays society and challenges that are putting a strain on humanity, it becomes more urgent for children to grow resilient and develop the skills to prevent mental health issues and enhance psychological well-being. School-based interventions that focus on enhancing self-awareness could help achieve these goals. The aim of this research project was to create an overview of what kind of interventions effectively enhance self-awareness and offer insight into possible moderators and implementation practices. A systematic search was performed: 41 studies were systematically reviewed, and 28 studies were included in a meta-analysis. The mean effect size was statistically significant and showed a small to moderate, positive, pooled effect (Hedge’s g = .307). Statistical heterogeneity was high, yet gender and the mental health-status of participants did not explain the variance in the effectiveness between the interventions in this study sample. From the included studies, 13 interventions showed significant, positive effects. Most of these interventions utilized a SEL-framework or mixed different theoretical backgrounds and techniques. Findings suggested that interventions seem to thrive when implemented with a whole-school approach: integrated in school-curricula on an ongoing basis, executed by teachers when used with a universal approach, with family involved, and health practitioners engaged to offer support and guidance to school-staff and teachers.Show less
This study examines how the obsession with education affects the total fertility rate in South Korea. Among many factors, educational expenses weigh heavy when it comes to deciding to have another...Show moreThis study examines how the obsession with education affects the total fertility rate in South Korea. Among many factors, educational expenses weigh heavy when it comes to deciding to have another child. This study shows how education has been a means of social mobility throughout Korea’s history, how traces of this are still visible in contemporary South Korea, and how educational developments during the last century have caused private educational expenses to rise significantly. The results show that the societal preoccupation with status and education brings about excessive educational expenditures, causing parents to hold off on having a child or to give up on having another child completely, and thus lowering the total fertility rate.Show less
This study investigates the representation of prehistoric heritage and archaeology in the education system and social media platforms on Barbados. Despite previously conducted studies on Caribbean...Show moreThis study investigates the representation of prehistoric heritage and archaeology in the education system and social media platforms on Barbados. Despite previously conducted studies on Caribbean prehistory, there remains a significant gap in understanding the material culture and traditions of the pre-colonial populations of Barbados. This research aims to address this gap by exploring how prehistoric heritage is covered in school curricula and on Barbadian social media platforms. The study starts with a brief explanation of the history of Barbados, a Caribbean island located on the eastern side of the Lesser Antilles. The research then delves into its educational and heritage management systems, and discusses the various activities and exhibitions present at the Barbados Museum and Historical Society (BMHS), a museum situated in Bridgetown that covers various (pre)historical subjects in exhibitions and organizes interesting activities regarding local (pre-)colonial heritage. The research applies various methods, combining literary research with data from questionnaires distributed to residents of Barbados and tourists visiting the Barbados Museum and Historical Society. The questionnaire examines the public's knowledge, the sources of information and foreknowledge, and their general interest in prehistoric heritage and archaeology. The results of this study reveal that coverage of prehistoric heritage in Barbados' education system is minimal, with an emphasis present on the colonial period. However, there is a noticeable public interest in pre-colonial history, particularly among the younger respondents. A conclusion that can be drawn from these results, is that there is potential for a more active cooperation between educational institutions and cultural organizations such as the BMHS, to improve the spread of knowledge of prehistoric heritage and create a more balanced representation of Barbados' (pre-colonial) heritage in educational systems and on social media. Recommendations for further research include creating (more) subjects covering Barbadian prehistory and archaeology in the national school curricula and making these topics tangible by yearly excursions and using social media for educational purposes, in order to encourage a better understanding and appreciation of the island's rich and diverse past among its residents and visiting tourists.Show less
The present study experimentally investigated how perceptions of educational inequality impact students' aspirations and the moderating role of locus of control in the relationship between the two....Show moreThe present study experimentally investigated how perceptions of educational inequality impact students' aspirations and the moderating role of locus of control in the relationship between the two. Drawing on prior research, we hypothesised that educational aspirations would be negatively affected by educational inequality of both outcomes and opportunities, whereas it would be positively influenced by internal locus of control. Moreover, we expected locus of control to play a moderating role in the relationship between perceived inequality and aspirations, mitigating the adverse impact of inequality on the latter. Finally, based on previous findings, we expected the impact of perceived inequality of opportunities on aspirations to be comparatively weaker for students with internal academic locus of control when contrasted with perceived inequality of outcomes. A sample of 190 U.S. college students were randomly assigned to watch one of three educational inequality manipulation videos (i.e. opportunities, outcomes, and control). They were then given a questionnaire which assessed their perceptions of inequality, their academic locus of control and their educational aspirations. Only one of our hypotheses was supported by our results. While our findings align with existing evidence that internal locus of control positively affects educational aspirations, there was no main effect of perceived inequality on students’ goals. Notably, our study suggests that higher perceptions of inequality may have motivating effects, which, however, appear exclusive to students with an external locus of control. Given these unexpected findings, further research is warranted for a deeper understanding of the psychological dynamics behind students’ goal-setting processes.Show less
Education is one of the most important determinants of an individual livelihood. Not only does education contribute to the development of a nation, but it also fosters democracy through the...Show moreEducation is one of the most important determinants of an individual livelihood. Not only does education contribute to the development of a nation, but it also fosters democracy through the teachings of democratic values in schools and exposure to the benefits of civic engagement. Furthermore, the education system of a country is reflective of its ideology and can serve as a tool for the government to shape the view of its citizens. Literature on the relationship between democracy on education is vast, but most are based on quantitative measures. Thus, this research conducts a qualitative study in analysing the effect of the level of democracy on the inclusion of democratic values in the fundamental education law of each country. Employing a diverse case selection, qualitative content analysis method, and a deductive coding frame, this thesis finds that the effect of democracy on democratic values in education law has varying effects. A clear division based on the level of democracy is visible for democratic goals in the education law, but is less visible regarding participation, freedom, and equality. The findings of this thesis contribute to narrowing the literature gap and allow further understanding of the impact of democracy on daily life and human development.Show less
In order to achieve integrity and trustworthiness of research, uncertainty of information needs to be communicated with the public. However, it is not always clear what types of data representation...Show moreIn order to achieve integrity and trustworthiness of research, uncertainty of information needs to be communicated with the public. However, it is not always clear what types of data representation induce the most trust and which individual variables influence this. Previous studies have shown that there are trust differences between numerical and verbal representations as well as different uncertainty levels. Other research suggests that education level may be related to trust while research on numeracy and graphical literacy (GL) implies a potential relationship. Numeracy and GL have been reported to have a moderate correlation. Furthermore, trust is theorized to subsist of the related but distinct concepts of trust in number (TN) and trust in source (TS). To investigate these topics, participants were invited to a questionnaire study presenting an uncertainty scenario and assessing their trust as well as individual variables of numeracy, GL and education. Factors of different uncertainty levels, formats and education levels were used to create nine conditions that assessed whether the factors influenced trust. Results showed a small positive correlation between GL and numeracy. A positive moderate relationship was found between TN and TS. Moreover, results displayed a significant difference in TN between verbal and graphical uncertainty communication. Lastly, education was highlighted as a possible predictor of TN. Findings highlight education as a variable related to TN and strengthen the position that trust should be subdivided into TN and TS. Because of theoretical inconsistencies in our findings, more research has to be done on the effect of uncertainty level, format and education level in uncertainty communication.Show less
The concept of the Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) was proposed in 1905 and its key features are hard work, asceticism, and success. The main unanswered question in the context of PWE is its relation...Show moreThe concept of the Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) was proposed in 1905 and its key features are hard work, asceticism, and success. The main unanswered question in the context of PWE is its relation to demographic variables. Relationships between PWE and demographic variables are still not clear. The current study aims to answer the research question: “How do demographic variables influence the Protestant Work Ethic?” To address this question, the thesis proposes a single-factor model of PWE, which is assessed on five demographic variables: formal education, age, family size, marital status, and religion. Groups were created for each of the five variables in order to assess their relationship with PWE. For the statistical analysis, multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) was used and measurement invariance was evaluated in order to account for the differences between the groups. Based on the academic literature five hypotheses were created on the basis of model fit, factor loadings, and predicted factor scores. Only two of the hypotheses were partially supported (religion and family size) due to consistently higher factor loadings. Patterns were observed across most of the groups. Lower-educated participants exhibit distaste for leisure time, while more educated participants tend to be more hard-working. Religious people tend to endorse PWE less. Participants with more siblings endorse PWE more. Young participants tend to be more success-oriented, compared to single participants and middle-aged participants who are more hardworking. Future research should be focused on the area of demographics, the differences between religions in the context of a multidimensional factor model of PWE, and testing measurement invariance.Show less
Increasing attention is being paid to health inequalities in the Netherlands. Policymakers and government agencies are looking for methods to reduce the health gap, especially in order to increase...Show moreIncreasing attention is being paid to health inequalities in the Netherlands. Policymakers and government agencies are looking for methods to reduce the health gap, especially in order to increase the health of people in risk groups. People with a lower level of education and low food literacy appear to be an important risk group for food-related health issues. Nudging has been shown to be an easy and effective way to promote healthy behavior. For this reason, this study investigated whether the level of education and food literacy influence the effectiveness of default nudges in encouraging healthy food choices. An online supermarket experiment was used with a default and control condition. In the default condition, a healthy food product was displayed larger and preselected to investigate whether this option was chosen more often. A total number of 229 participants took part in the online supermarket experiment and completed the Self-Perceived food Literacy scale beforehand. Default nudges were found to have a positive effect on stimulating the proportion of nudged healthy products, but no interaction effect was found for different levels of education and food literacy. In conclusion, nudges can be used effectively, but no difference in effectiveness was found for different levels of education and food literacy. However, one nudge is not going to make the difference in reducing health inequalities. Yet, nudges do have promising effects and can contribute to stimulating healthy food choices one step at a time.Show less
The term “Latin America” is used as the common denominator that encompasses a large region with several countries whose traditions, language, and colonial background share a set of common...Show moreThe term “Latin America” is used as the common denominator that encompasses a large region with several countries whose traditions, language, and colonial background share a set of common characteristics. The paper explores the meaning of Latin American archaeology through the examples of Peruvian and Argentinian national archaeologies—the historical development of both countries and their respective archaeologies from the Colonial period to the present. The countries are first analyzed separately with a focus on their socioeconomic status and the influx of foreign theoretical trends and their impact on the development of archaeology within the context of colonialism and post-colonialism. At the beginning of the twentieth century the focus shifts on onto the “functioning” of archaeology through its legislative frameworks, university training programmes, and public archaeology. These elements are used to compare the archaeologies of Peru and Argentina to reveal their characteristic, and potentially the way in which colonialism and subsequent historical events pushed the development of archaeology. Four cases are presented with the intention of providing insight into how the theory is applied in practice. It was concluded that the pre-colonial history of the countries and their subsequent treatment significantly impacted the development of two markedly different national archaeologies who appear similar in theory but diverge in practice—when the current situation of archaeological practice and the most rudimentary elements keeping “Latin America” together are put into perspective, the archaeologies of the two countries appear to have less in common than they do at first glance.Show less
Despite their scientific promise, gene editing technologies (GETs) have been subjected to many debates regarding the ethics, politics, and social consequences of genetic modification. This is...Show moreDespite their scientific promise, gene editing technologies (GETs) have been subjected to many debates regarding the ethics, politics, and social consequences of genetic modification. This is largely due to its similarities with old eugenics policies, as well as trends seen in healthcare practice and access for other innovative medical technologies (e.g. geographical practice variations, and socio-economic disparities in access to care and medical innovativeness). Currently taking part in these debates are the scientific community, historians, and ethicists. As such, the public does not yet have a seat at the table, though this is necessary to devise succesful policies and regulations pertinent to the (potential) wider adoption of GETs in the healthcare system. Therefore, this study aims to gauge the public perception on GETs, while accounting for Race and Level of Education. More specifically, this study focusses on the predictiveness of said variables for the degree to which one is accepting of GETs, and to what extent they fear that GETs are discriminatory in nature. This is achieved by means of multiple linear regressions. It was found that Race and Level of Education were insignificantly predictive of acceptance of gene editing technologies (R2 = .002, F(2, 137) = .154, p = .857). Further, they were insignificantly predictive of fear of gene editing technologies being discriminatory (R2 = .036, F(2, 130) = 2.441, p = .091).Show less
The goal of this study is to do a follow-up study of the research that Brod and Breitwieser (2019) did to get a better understanding of the added value of prediction as a learning strategy and the...Show moreThe goal of this study is to do a follow-up study of the research that Brod and Breitwieser (2019) did to get a better understanding of the added value of prediction as a learning strategy and the part that curiosity seems to play. In this study a comparison will be made between early adolescents and adults. This was done with a computer task where participants learned facts in two conditions. A prediction condition where they made predictions and a postdiction condition in which the participants, after seeing the correct answer, answered what they would have thought the answer was. The participants also completed a questionnaire to measure their curiosity as a trait. In this study was found that adults overall scored higher than the early adolescents. Beside this, there were no significant findings about the difference between prediction and postdiction. There were also no significant findings about curiosity as trait. In future research it seems important to include factors as surprise into the study.Show less
This thesis studies the relationship between contract type and training participation and how the Wet Werk en Zekerheid (WWZ) influenced the relationship. It investigates the differences in...Show moreThis thesis studies the relationship between contract type and training participation and how the Wet Werk en Zekerheid (WWZ) influenced the relationship. It investigates the differences in participation for three training categories between temporary and permanent employees. The analysis relies on Dutch panel data and uses linear probability and linear probability difference-in-differences models to estimate the effects. The findings show that temporary employees receive less firm-sponsored training than permanent employees and invest more in their own trainings, but that the introduction of the WWZ did not result in significant changes in the relationship. The empirical analysis also considers heterogeneity effects between men and women. The findings shed light on important factors that should be taken into account when designing lifelong learning policies.Show less
In the Netherlands, top civil servants have an important role, as they influence the policies that affect the daily life of the Dutch population. Among top civil servants, there is an elite group...Show moreIn the Netherlands, top civil servants have an important role, as they influence the policies that affect the daily life of the Dutch population. Among top civil servants, there is an elite group called the Top Management Group (TMG) which were established in 2000 and now consist of the 94 highest civil servants in the Netherlands. The TMG members are selected based on certain competences: political craft, managerial competencies, and subject-matter expertise. Each of these competences are influenced by the TMG member’s education. Post-educational institutes have also become more common for top civil servants to attend. Which could change the education background of the top civil servants. The aim of this research is therefore to evaluate the TMG members’ educational backgrounds and determine whether there is a difference between the educational background for the TMG members between 2000 and 2022. The following question is central to this research: ‘How and why has the educational background of the civil servants in the Dutch Top Management Group (TMG) changed between 2000 and 2022?’.Show less
Bachelor thesis | South and Southeast Asian Studies (BA)
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According to the 2001 Census, almost half of all persons with disabilities are literate and visually disabled. It is when seeing this relatively large number I wondered if visually impaired...Show moreAccording to the 2001 Census, almost half of all persons with disabilities are literate and visually disabled. It is when seeing this relatively large number I wondered if visually impaired children from poverty get an equal chance at education in India. The reason chosen for this subject is empathy and personal interest. I work at Voorall, a foundation in The Hague that stands up for the interests of disabled people. Children are the future of the world and education is something that should be invested in because knowledge is relevant for one’s development. Empowerment of visually disabled people from a poor environment is of great importance, because all children deserve a fair and equal chance in education. This makes it essential that education should be inclusive. Firstly, the methodology will be explained. For this research it was important to do both desk research as well as qualitative research. For the desk research primary as well as secondary sources have been used. The qualitative research has been done in the form of a questionnaire with 9 visually impaired students from India that are from a poor background. The hypothesis is that although the government, NGO’s and institutions are involved in inclusive education, visually challenged school children from poverty have less chance on a good education. Therefore, the main question for this thesis is: How can a fear chance at education also be given to visually challenged students from poverty? Besides the fact that this question will be theoretically approached, I will also give advice with help of the read theories. Some questions need to be answered to form the right advice for the main question. Hence, the sub questions are: What are the policies on inclusiveness and disability by the state?, Which parties and NGO’s are involved in getting poor students an education?, How do schools approach a visual impairment?, How can the state of India and NGO’s realize inclusivity in education amongst the visually challenged underprivileged? and How do visually impaired students experience inclusive education?. For the latter the results of the questionnaire are most useful. In the conclusion a piece of advice will be given on how India can improve inclusive education based on the results of the research questions and questionnaire.Show less
In 2015 former president Reuven Rivlin claimed that Israel needs a redefinition of Israeliness to preserve the Israeli society. According to him, a new national identity must be created, with which...Show moreIn 2015 former president Reuven Rivlin claimed that Israel needs a redefinition of Israeliness to preserve the Israeli society. According to him, a new national identity must be created, with which all citizens can identify. When looking at the Israeli educational system, it becomes apparent that such a redefinition is necessary. As multiple studies have shown, the Arab- Palestinian community in Israel is not only marginalized in terms of the quality of the educational system, but also with regards to the contents of the education, mainly -but not limited to- in the field of history education, which amongst others ignore Palestinian perspectives on the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict and which deny Palestinian belonging to the country. As this thesis shows, bilingual schools in Israel offer a radical alternative historical narrative that includes Palestinian perspectives, that treats Jewish and Palestinian identities on an equal basis and that at the same time creates an overarching narrative (or if you wish Israeliness) which connects both communities. At the same time however, this thesis argues that the success of the alternative historical narrative at bilingual schools is limited due to the same inequalities the education tries to counter, namely the lack of classes on Palestinian/Middle Eastern history, the continuing dominance of Jewish-Israeli frameworks for teaching history and the dominance of the Hebrew language. Nonetheless, although progress can still be made, the alternative approach to education of bilingual schools provide an inspirational basis for redefining Jewish-Palestinian relationships in the future.Show less
The Dutch historical narrative on slavery and slave trade is part of a debate in which ignorance tends to be painted as the source of contemporary disputes. This refers to the debate around racial...Show moreThe Dutch historical narrative on slavery and slave trade is part of a debate in which ignorance tends to be painted as the source of contemporary disputes. This refers to the debate around racial inequality that arose in early 2020 in which racism was claimed to be institutionalized. With slavery being an obvious example in history that shows how racism took on a structural and institutionalized form, it is essential to critically analyze how the narrative on the inhumane and degrading treatment of black Africans is told. In this thesis, two senior year havo-level secondary school history textbooks, Feniks and Geschiedeniswerkplaats, will be analyzed using a Critical Discourse Analysis. The storyline on the slavery period will be assessed critically, focusing on the selection of narratives and phrasing. The results show the presence of the Color-blind discourse, in which storylines take on a passive voice, and Racially essentialist discourse, where the selection of black Africans is biologically justified. Both textbooks lack a description on the wider social opinion towards the black community and therefore fail to address these racist attitudes.Show less
This thesis entails a historical comparative analysis of the three feminist waves, based on a historical literary analysis, and is exemplified by three case studies that illustrate each specific...Show moreThis thesis entails a historical comparative analysis of the three feminist waves, based on a historical literary analysis, and is exemplified by three case studies that illustrate each specific time period. The historical analysis and the case studies are then compared in order to evaluate historical changes and developments. Through this, the following research question is answered, ‘What does a historical comparative analysis of four women between the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries show with regard to the effects of changing domesticity values on the roles of women in American higher education?’ The women chosen for the case studies both diverged from, and conformed to social rules in their time period, thereby illustrating which rules exactly were in place. Therefore, the effects that these expectations had on women in higher education are illustrated as well. The term domesticity that is used in this thesis is derived from the Cult of Domesticity that was present in the 18th and 19th centuries, prohibiting women from entering the public sphere in any way. The effects that domesticity had on women in higher education is evaluated through mechanisms of femininity and masculinity, the ‘duality of education’ by Anderson-Faithful and Goodman, and the ‘feminist dilemma’ by Joan Scott. These themes show that domesticity has influenced women in higher education, and continues to do so, despite improvements in women’s social and legal rights.Show less
