In this study, the role of gender identity in self-esteem and substance use was examined. It was also studied whether the adolescents’ sex functioned as a moderator. The goal of this study was to...Show moreIn this study, the role of gender identity in self-esteem and substance use was examined. It was also studied whether the adolescents’ sex functioned as a moderator. The goal of this study was to give more insights on the role of gender identity, considering that previous research mainly focused on adolescents from the LGBTQIA+ community and not on all adolescents, regardless their sexual preference. Adolscents at the age of 17 (N = 100) filled out quesstionaires to research this topic. Gender identity was measured with the Multi-dimensional Gender Identity Measure and consisted of three different aspects, namely gender typicality (the extent to which someone’s interests and behaviors align with the ones of peers from their gender group), gender contentedness (the extent to which some is content with his or her gender identity) and felt pressure (regarding their gender identity, mainly from their parents). Self-esteem was measured with the Self-Perception Profile for Children – Global self-worth subscale and substance use was measured with five questions regarding the frequency to which they used different substances. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the effects of gender identity on the dependent factors self-esteem and substance use. The analyses showed that the aspect gender typicality was positively and significantly related to self- esteem and alcohol use. No moderating effects for gender were found for the relation between gender identity and the outcome variables. The current study showed that the aspect gender typicality of gender identity plays an important role in the degree of self-esteem and amount of alcohol use among adolescents. It is important to focus on how to decrease the impact of gender typicality and to increase the normalization and acceptation of diversity regarding adolescents’ gender identity.Show less
Power can be construed in terms of opportunities or responsibilities. The current research examined the effect of in biological sex, gender, gender identity and gender on the power construal of...Show morePower can be construed in terms of opportunities or responsibilities. The current research examined the effect of in biological sex, gender, gender identity and gender on the power construal of power holders. Female gender identity and role were hypothesized to be associated to power construal in terms of responsibility (rather than opportunity), while male gender identity and role were hypothesized to be associated to power construal in terms of opportunity (rather than responsibility). This was examined by administration of a questionnaire. Respondents consisted of male and female professionals in leadership roles from the UK. The study found that female gender identity and femininity are positively related to power construed in terms of responsibility. No significant relationships between gender identity and power construal as opportunity were found. This highlights the relevance of gender on power construal in terms of responsibilityShow less
It has been suggested that power provides both opportunities for promoting the achievement of one's own goals and responsibilities for the outcomes of those who are dependent on the power-holder....Show moreIt has been suggested that power provides both opportunities for promoting the achievement of one's own goals and responsibilities for the outcomes of those who are dependent on the power-holder. In our study we investigated whether sex and gender identity influence the construal of power as either opportunity or responsibility in a variety of power contexts, while also examining the possible moderating role of personality traits. Power was manipulated by priming participants in a high or low power condition, by requesting them to describe a situation in which they felt powerful or powerless. There were also questions about the meaning they ascribed to that power, while their gender identity was measured by a recently developed scale. Our results showed that participants in the high power condition were more likely to construe their power as both an opportunity and a responsibility than the participants in the low power condition and that femininity is associated with the construal of power as a responsibility irrespective of the level of power. Females construed their power as a responsibility more than males only when we controlled for neuroticism, openness to experience and their stability of power. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.Show less
The thesis paper provides an analysis of the means in which The Rawiya Collective, as the first collective of all female photojournalists, use their photography to create hybrid spaces “in-between”...Show moreThe thesis paper provides an analysis of the means in which The Rawiya Collective, as the first collective of all female photojournalists, use their photography to create hybrid spaces “in-between” physical and virtual locations. Through the analysis of various exhibitions curated by The Rawiya Collective, this thesis examines the extent to which photography has helped the collective give back a voice to the misrepresented and the oppressed. Since its assemblage in 2009, The Rawiya Collective’s photography has given back a voice to local culture and become the spoken word of media platforms today. As theoretical pillars to this thesis, Spivak’s thinking on the subordinated gender and more specifically the notion of constructed masculinities, is used to guide the first chapter of analysis on Countering Hegemonic Powers. The latter half of the analysis draws from Bhabha’s Location of Culture, providing a structural base for an analogy between his notion of the “in-between” spaces and The Rawiya Collective’s recreation of their own Third Space. Recent literature and research on gender identity is employed to provide a contemporary approach to Spivak’s notion of the gendered subaltern. Recent works from various scholars in media, communications and human geography is used to put into context the notion of a Third Space in today’s world, allowing for a discussion concerning virtual platforms as new spaces for cultural representation. It is through an analysis of what the subordinated gender and its allocated location for existence within The Rawiya Collective’s work, that an understanding of how Spivak and Bhabha’s theories can be applied to a contemporary context.Show less
The following thesis is an in-depth analysis of the extent to which the male gaze constructs female identity in 21st century Brazilian society. In the light of post-modern discourse, the concept of...Show moreThe following thesis is an in-depth analysis of the extent to which the male gaze constructs female identity in 21st century Brazilian society. In the light of post-modern discourse, the concept of gender identity has been hotly debated and deconstructed, leading to the conclusion that there is nothing inherently natural about gender; it is instead the byproduct of social, cultural, political, and economic factors. The following thesis analyzes the ways in which feminine identity is crafted through the powerful impact of the male gaze, biopower through the media, and voyeuristic desire. Through an in-depth analysis of two case studies − one focusing on the carnival in Rio de Janeiro, and another one on Brazilian magazine covers − the thesis assesses the extent to which the male gaze impacts feminine identity in 21st century Brazilian society. The main findings suggest that feminine identity in Brazil is created and reaffirmed through the male gaze and voyeuristic pleasure, as exemplified by events such as the carnival in Rio as well as an analysis of Brazilian magazine covers. The thesis concludes that the male gaze and biopower have repercussions on gender norms in Brazilian society, as they present feminine and masculine identities in oppositional terms, thus reinforcing them as separate categories: masculine as active and feminine as passive.Show less
