USA reality competition television series RuPaul’s Drag Race has seen a rise in popularity since it first aired in 2009 and can be watched in several countries across different platforms. This...Show moreUSA reality competition television series RuPaul’s Drag Race has seen a rise in popularity since it first aired in 2009 and can be watched in several countries across different platforms. This global interest causes the need to translate the series’ English language into other languages. The use of language that is specific to the drag community and gay community, one that is tied to both gender and sexuality, as explored in this thesis, causes the translator to have to deal with community-specific words. A fairly recent phenomenon, the concept of translating this community-specific language and its translation into Dutch has not yet been extensively discussed. This thesis aims to find patterns that are visible in the translation procedures used (based on the concept of translation procedures by Newmark) for the translation of language tied to the drag and gay community, for the Dutch Netflix subtitles of three episodes of RuPaul’s Drag Race. Some of this language is maintained in the audiovisual translation, while other language is modified or removed. This modification or removal might possibly cause a different viewing experience for the Dutch viewer as compared to a viewer who only uses the source text, and causes a loss of meaning of cultural elements related to the drag community.Show less
Spatial navigation includes spatial actions, object location memory and wayfinding. We use our navigation abilities in our everyday environment to get to places and remember the route we have taken...Show moreSpatial navigation includes spatial actions, object location memory and wayfinding. We use our navigation abilities in our everyday environment to get to places and remember the route we have taken as well as to explore new environments. Differences in objective and subjective measures of spatial navigation have been studied in relation to specific disorders but have not been sufficiently measured in healthy subjects. Furthermore, the effect of individual factors in spatial navigation remains largely unknown. Yet, increasing our knowledge of the causes of individual differences and common biases in self-reports, such as stereotypical beliefs, is necessary to better assess navigation impairments and provide more efficient and personalized treatment interventions. We designed an online study to assess spatial navigation in healthy subjects from 18 to 35 years old. Our aim was to assess objective performance and performance estimation and investigate potential contributing factors, namely, gender, trait and state anxiety and stereotypical beliefs. Trait anxiety was found to be negatively associated with objective performance on several subtasks and with overestimation of performance. State anxiety did not seem to have any effect. Interestingly, objective performance and performance estimates were strongly correlated. We did not find any effect of gender and stereotypical beliefs on performance estimation. This study suggeststhat objective and subjective performance are influenced by trait anxiety. It should therefore be taken into account in the interpretation of tests results and questionnaires on navigation abilities.Show less
In this study, the association between brand personality and purchase intention is investigated, in order to contribute to branding and consumer psychology literature. Alongside that, moderating...Show moreIn this study, the association between brand personality and purchase intention is investigated, in order to contribute to branding and consumer psychology literature. Alongside that, moderating role of gender and mediating role of trust are looked at. Hypotheses about brand identities; brand competence and brand morality, were tested with a questionnaire with 102 respondents. The results showed that both brand competence and brand morality have a positive relation with purchase intention. Relation between brand competence and purchase intention is mediated by brand trust but gender is not a moderator of the relation between brand morality and purchase intention. The findings contribute to theory about brand personalities and their influence can be expanded so that brands know what type of brand consumers like and how they should form their image to generate the most purchases.Show less
The present study is a longitudinal study that examined whether depression in adolescence within a two-year gap could be predicted by adolescents’ stress responses to social stressors, while also...Show moreThe present study is a longitudinal study that examined whether depression in adolescence within a two-year gap could be predicted by adolescents’ stress responses to social stressors, while also investigating whether gender and age play a role in this prediction. At T1, participants were 205 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (mean age=14.81 year, SD=1.31, 49.3% female). This study also replicated past studies that investigated gender differences in depression and stress responses including coping. The Response to Stress Questionnaire was used as an instrument to assess adolescents’ reaction and coping methods to social stressors, whereby the participants indicated the ways in which they react to social stressors on a four-point scale. Furthermore, the depressive symptoms of the participants were measured with the Children Depression Inventory at two time points two years apart, whereby the participants answer a 27-item self-report questionnaire. Based on the results of the statistical analyses, there were no significant gender differences in depression, nor were there significant age-related differences in depression between adolescent girls and boys. There were, however, significant gender differences in stress responses, namely Primary Control Engagement coping and Involuntary Engagement stress response. And finally, Primary Control Engagement coping, gender, and depression at T1 significantly predicted depression at T2, however the interaction effects of gender, age, and gender by age with the stress response did not significantly predict depression at T2. In conclusion, later depression can be predicted by stress responses, however gender and age do not moderate this prediction.Show less
"How can the onryō tradition help us interpret the contemporary phenomenon of cutesified onryō parodies?" Through analyzing the emergence and appeasement of three distinct historical types of onryō...Show more"How can the onryō tradition help us interpret the contemporary phenomenon of cutesified onryō parodies?" Through analyzing the emergence and appeasement of three distinct historical types of onryō, the context necessary for understanding the place of the 'cutesified onryō' will take shape. Next, some examples of this new onryō will be discussed to see what the recurring themes are. And lastly, a more in-depth case study of a manga centered around a cutesified onryō will be carried out. It will be argued that cutesification functions not only as a form of appeasement, but also as 'domestication'. The onryō’s history of empowerment and role-breaking is subverted as they are forced back into gendered societal roles.Show less
This BA thesis analyses the relation between the gig economy and Japanese gender roles that influence women’s career opportunities in Japan. For a long time, separate social duties between men and...Show moreThis BA thesis analyses the relation between the gig economy and Japanese gender roles that influence women’s career opportunities in Japan. For a long time, separate social duties between men and women have led to the exclusion of Japanese women from particular careers and opportunities. Nowadays, the lack of women within Japan’s workforce is problematic to economic growth, and the gig economy might be a promising avenue for women to contribute to the economy. Through conducting case studies on the experiences of Japanese women engaged in gig work, this thesis reveals some of the issues and complications that accompany online employment relations for Japanese women. The results show that gig work does not address the main inadequacies that complicate women’s careers and work-life balance within Japanese society. Therefore, Japanese women looking to find aspiring and refreshing employment in the digital realm might come to find that online work does not offer them a getaway from women’s traditional social duties and career options.Show less
Gezichtsuitdrukkingen zijn een van de meest belangrijke en krachtige manieren van mensen om emoties te communiceren. Gezichtsuitdrukkingen ontstaan door activatie van bepaalde gezichtsspieren. Een...Show moreGezichtsuitdrukkingen zijn een van de meest belangrijke en krachtige manieren van mensen om emoties te communiceren. Gezichtsuitdrukkingen ontstaan door activatie van bepaalde gezichtsspieren. Een groep gezichtsspieren die samen een actie uitvoert, zoals het optrekken van de binnenkant van de wenkbrauw wordt een Action Unit (AU) genoemd. OpenFace is een softwareprogramma dat AU’s detecteert die zijn gekoppeld aan zes basis emoties. Bij onderzoek hiernaar wordt voornamelijk gebruik gemaakt van geacteerde emotionele gezichtsuitdrukkingen. Er is nog relatief weinig bekend over ‘niet-geacteerde’, ‘spontane’ emotionele gezichtsuitdrukkingen en de classificatie hiervan door OpenFace. Tevens is weinig bekend over genderverschillen in de evaluatie van emotionele gezichtsuitdrukkingen. In deze studie is de samenhang onderzocht tussen OpenFace evaluaties en participant-evaluaties van (semi-)spontane emotionele gezichtsuitdrukkingen en genderverschillen daarbinnen. De steekproef van deze studie betrof 78 participanten, die videosegmenten van (semi-)spontane emotionele gezichtsuitdrukkingen hebben geëvalueerd op basis van de zes basis emoties. Met correlatietoetsen is samenhang gevonden tussen de evaluaties van de participanten en OpenFace. Ook is een genderverschil gevonden in de evaluaties. Er is geen verschil gevonden in de samenhang die de verschillende gendergroepen hadden met OpenFace. Deze bevindingen zijn een startpunt voor vervolgonderzoek, dat kan beantwoorden welke alternatieve AU-combinaties mogelijk aanwezig zijn bij (semi-)spontane emotionele gezichtsuitdrukkingen en de genderverschillen binnen de herkenning daarvan.Show less
Concerning transitional justice, the turn towards advocating for localized action and gendered analysis has engendered a focus on female agency. In documentary film studies, a similar pattern...Show moreConcerning transitional justice, the turn towards advocating for localized action and gendered analysis has engendered a focus on female agency. In documentary film studies, a similar pattern emerges: over time, scholars have started to question prevailing representations of women, and to celebrate well-rounded, agentive representations. This thesis, which analyzes representations of female agency and victimhood in documentaries concerning sexual violence during the Yugoslav Wars, utilizes an interdisciplinary approach which draws from both of these fields. It incorporates the aesthetic analytical tools provided by documentary film scholars to analyze Sexual Violence and the Triumph of Justice (2012) and Mission Rape - a Tool of War (2014), while keeping as its main focus the gendered agency framework created by Björkdahl and Mannergren Selimović. Thus, it marries the two disciplines to provide a thorough understanding of prominent issues in transitional justice. This concerns both how transitional justice is practiced and how this practice is portrayed to the public by challengers and proponents of the prominent methods in the transitional justice space. I hope to contribute to knowledge in both fields, and to demonstrate how well-rounded and agentive representations of women’s agency can challenge the traditional narrative of passivity and victimization of women in conflict-zones.Show less
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Research has shown that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) reduces morbidity, mortality, and unplanned hospital...Show moreCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Research has shown that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) reduces morbidity, mortality, and unplanned hospital admissions. In addition, improvements in exercise capacity, quality of life, and mental health were reported. However, women are substantially less likely to be referred to CR and are additionally less likely to enroll when they are referred. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review about potential barriers which women face when entering CR. Underlying factors causing underrepresentation of women in CR are multifactorial and consist of individual-, healthcare provider- , and system-level factors. Individual-level factors which negatively influence enrollment rates are, for example, disease related factors and demographics, including older age. On a systemic level, for instance, a lack of health insurance financial coverage for the CR program deterred women from enrolling. One healthcare provider factor is the characteristics of CR programs, since some women were reluctant to enroll in CR due to the high intensity exercising. A meta-analysis about the effectiveness of strategies aiming to improve enrolment rates of women was performed. The risk ratio analysis did not yield clear evidence for suitable referral strategies for women to improve enrollment rates. However, two studies showed that coaching and motivational interviewing strategies can increase enrolment rates among female CVD patients. According to an event rate analysis, implementing an adequate referral strategy such as peer navigation, in combination with coaching as well as the combined peer navigation, automatic, and coaching strategy could facilitate overcoming barriers which are particularly challenging for female patients. An examination of current standards of care in each health care system or country is needed, followed by addressing the aforementioned multifactorial level barriers and the implementation of suitable referral strategies.Show less
This thesis examined the candidate lists of the 17 parties that obtained at least one seat in the parliamentarian elections of March 2021 in the Netherlands. The candidate lists were analysed to...Show moreThis thesis examined the candidate lists of the 17 parties that obtained at least one seat in the parliamentarian elections of March 2021 in the Netherlands. The candidate lists were analysed to determine the level of parties’ descriptive representation in relation to ethnic minorities and women. The rationale for this is the changing demographics, increased popularity for diversity and inclusions practises among parties and, at the same time, an increasingly polarized debate regarding ethnic minorities and immigration policies. The main goals are the following; first, to test if there is a correlation between parties’ restrictiveness on immigration and the share of ethnic minorities on the candidate list and share of safe list position that are filled with ethnic minorities. Second, to test whether centre and right-wing parties contribute proportionally more to representation of women vis-à-vis ethnic minorities. Moreover, all 744 candidates were analysed in terms of ethnicity and gender and with this data an original dataset was created. Secondary sources were used to determine parties’ restrictiveness on immigration. The dataset provided information to test the role of the independent variable – restrictiveness on immigration – on the two dependent variables; a) share of ethnic minorities candidates on the lists and; b) share of safe list positions that were filled with ethnic minority candidates. These variables formed the import for a linear regression analysis. The second possible correlation was tested by plotting the parties’ share of ethnic minorities and female candidate against four statistical dimensions; (1) average percentage of ethnic minorities on the candidate lists; (2) percentage of ethnic minorities in the Netherlands; (3) average percentage of women on the candidate lists; and (4) the percentage of women in the Netherlands. This thesis found a linear inverse correlation between parties’ restrictiveness on immigration and the share of ethnic minorities on candidate lists and safe list positions filled with them. Moreover, this thesis also found that centre and right-wing parties contribute proportionally more to the share of female than ethnic minority candidates.Show less
This thesis examines the evolution of the constructs of gender and sexuality in precolonial, colonial, and independent Zimbabwe and Botswana, with focus on the Shona, Ndebele, and Tswana during the...Show moreThis thesis examines the evolution of the constructs of gender and sexuality in precolonial, colonial, and independent Zimbabwe and Botswana, with focus on the Shona, Ndebele, and Tswana during the (pre)colonial era, and the BDP (Botswana Democratic Party) and ZANU(PF) (Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front) in the late colonial and postcolonial period, to identify what particularities in Botswana’s and Zimbabwe’s historical trajectories explain the divergence between the stance of BDP and ZANU(PF) leadership on the decriminalization of same-sex relations (SSR). The Shona, Ndebele, and Tswana started with a similar outlook on SSR, and in both countries, the British colonial administration imposed penal codes that criminalize(d) SSR. Yet, while BDP leadership grew gradually more supportive of the eventual decriminalization of SSR in 2019, ZANU(PF) leadership has strongly opposed to repealing the colonial-era penal codes. The different (de)colonization process and degree of colonial domination in each country appear to have the strongest explanatory power for these diverging outcomes. Many scholars have linked homophobia to masculinity and patriarchy. At the same time, colonial rule is widely believed to have undermined African masculinities and destabilized existing gender roles, and scholars have argued that misogyny, hyper-masculinity, and homophobia in African nationalist movements can be seen as a reaction to feelings of emasculation among African men. Colonial rule was significantly less invasive in Botswana, and the transition to independence mostly peaceful. Resultantly, there was no strong feeling of colonial domination among Botswanans, and anti-(neo)colonial rhetoric had little value as a source of political support. Thus, homosexuality never became conflated with (neo)colonialism in BDP nationalism, because it never centered on anti-(neo)colonialism to begin with. In contrast, Zimbabwe’s invasive colonial experience and arduous independence struggle created a strong sense of colonial domination among male independence leaders, who experienced it as ‘emasculation,’ and used misogyny and homophobia in attempt to restore a position of patriarchal power. At the same time, the rejection of homosexuality became a way to challenge colonial narratives about African sexuality and masculinity that were used to justify their abasement. Resultantly, the conflation of emasculation and homosexuality with colonial subjugation featured prominently in ZANU(PF)’s anti-colonial nationalism. The influence of Fanonesque and Marxist-Leninist thought further deepened homophobic sentiments in ZANU(PF) nationalism, while these schools of thought were absent from BDP nationalism. There is also scholarly consensus that European missionaries played an active role in codifying homosexuality as ‘immoral’ in Africa, and scholars argue that as Christianity became heavily politicized in the region, so did homosexuality. In that sense, homophobia, much like Christianity, is a political tool in contemporary Africa. Limited imposition of colonial rule and Tswana-controlled integration of Christianity may have further limited the inculcation of European (missionary) notions of sexuality and immorality in BDP nationalism. Moreover, unlike BDP nationalism, ZANU(PF) nationalism was organized around anti-colonialism, and this social glue lost its power once independence was achieved. This necessitated the creation of a new common enemy, while socioeconomic underperformance and declining public support incentivized the creation of a scapegoat to deflect criticism. Political homophobia became part of the creation of this new common enemy and scapegoat, and gained its legitimacy from Zimbabwe’s (de)colonization experience. With steady economic development and widespread public support after independence, there was less of an incentive for the BDP to use sexual minorities as a scapegoat.Show less
Bachelor thesis | Liberal Arts and Sciences: Global Challenges (LUC) (BA/BSc)
closed access
Since 2001, billions of aid money have been pumped into Afghanistan to improve the lives of civilians, especially women. The plight of Afghan women has mobilised many NGOs to come into the country,...Show moreSince 2001, billions of aid money have been pumped into Afghanistan to improve the lives of civilians, especially women. The plight of Afghan women has mobilised many NGOs to come into the country, but not much has improved. This research attempts to find the reasons as to why so few improvements have been made, by using interviews with NGO employees working in Afghanistan to supplement and update the existing literature. Afterwards, a final analysis will be presented, combining the literature and the data from the interviews into one evaluation of the obstacles to the improvement of the position of women. The research question is: What are the obstacles to the improvement of the position of women in Afghanistan? It concludes that the main obstacles are more or less similar to the ones identified in the literature, namely the ineffective government, corruption, backlash against reforms, the deteriorating security situation, low quantity and quality of education, child marriages and baad. The research also identifies two new problems not yet identified by the literature: the tribal and religious norms regarding women and “Afghanistan fatigue”.Show less
Research master thesis | Linguistics (research) (MA)
open access
Although most ancient Indo-European languages share the same grammatical three-gender system of masculine, feminine and neuter gender, the lack of a feminine gender in the archaic Anatolian branch...Show moreAlthough most ancient Indo-European languages share the same grammatical three-gender system of masculine, feminine and neuter gender, the lack of a feminine gender in the archaic Anatolian branch suggests that development of this gender is a relatively recent development in "Core PIE". This thesis investigates how such a development may have come about. I analyse the attested functions of the suffixes often connected to the rise of the feminine gender: *-eh2, *-ih2 and *-sor. Moreover, I consider the emergence of the PIE feminine from a typological perspective and compare it to gender developments in other language families. On the basis of morphological and typological considerations, I suggest that not the traditional feminine suffix *-eh2, but rather the "secondary" suffix *-ih2 played a crucial role in the emergence of the PIE feminine gender.Show less
By carrying oral history analysis, this thesis looks at the political activism of Chilean women exiled in Spain from a gender perspective. It highlights the role of gender and stereotypes in women...Show moreBy carrying oral history analysis, this thesis looks at the political activism of Chilean women exiled in Spain from a gender perspective. It highlights the role of gender and stereotypes in women's experience towards their "exilic condition" before and upon arrival to Spain, as well as political activism within and outside the Chilean community during the Spanish transition and arrival of the Spanish Socialist Party to the government in the 1980s. The main findings are: 1) despite their political activism before and during the government of the socialist Salvador Allende and in some cases clandestinely after the 1973’s coup, most women highlight motherhood and the role of their more visible partners in politics as the breaking point in their decision to self-exile. However, by identifying with the social identity of “political exile” based on their activism, their political identity and gender roles from Chilean society cross each other showing a conflicting experience. 2) the gendered division of labour framed Chilean women participation among the Chilean community in Spain, being assigned so-called “female tasks” based on the gendered division of labour which many times kept them invisible from Chilean transnationalism in Spain. And 3) As a result, a group of women organized outside the traditional organics of the Chilean movement to advocate for human rights in Chile and Latin America incorporating the struggles and role of women in these regards. The two cases analyzed are the Chilean women’s association “Tralún” located in Madrid who advocated for human rights in Chile and Latin America from a feminist approach. Likewise, the case of the lawyer and Chilean Judge Alicia Herrera Rivera who became the face against gender violence in Spain in 1983 is analyzed. Herrera’s case shows how her involvement in the feminist movement imposed a “new exile” this time from the Chilean community as her advocacy for women’s rights was seen as a threat to the working-class unity in the Chilean Left.Show less
