Er zijn veel soorten beroepen die mensen kunnen uitoefenen. Boer, kokkin, chef, journaliste of minister? Het is slechts een greep uit de grote getale waarin beroepsaanduidingen voorkomen. Op...Show moreEr zijn veel soorten beroepen die mensen kunnen uitoefenen. Boer, kokkin, chef, journaliste of minister? Het is slechts een greep uit de grote getale waarin beroepsaanduidingen voorkomen. Op redacties wordt grondig gediscussieerd of hierbij gendermarkerende of genderneutrale beroepsaanduidingen gebruikt moeten worden. Dit onderzoek richt zich op het huidige debat rondom deze kwestie en op welke manier dit debat zich afspeelt binnen de redacties van Nederlandse kranten. Aan de ene kant van de discussie bevindt zich de groep die vindt dat er geen onderscheid tussen genders gemaakt moet worden en er een vaste beroepsaanduiding voor alle genders gehanteerd moet worden. Dit komt vaak al snel neer op de beroepsaanduiding die oorspronkelijk mannelijk is. De andere partij in deze discussie vindt dat vrouwen daarmee zichtbaarheid verliezen in de taal en dat heeft nadelige gevolgen voor vrouwen. Redacties moeten keuzes maken hoe ze hiermee om willen gaan. De meeste redacties leggen dit vast in een, al dan niet openbaar, stijlboek. Dan is het nog de vraag of deze voorschriften nageleefd worden in de praktijk en wat de medewerkers binnen de redactie van deze voorschriften vinden. Dat vraagstuk resulteert in de volgende hoofdvraag: Hoe gaan Nederlandse kranten om met gender in beroepsaanduidingen? Deze vraag wordt in deze scriptie beantwoord aan de hand van twee deelvragen: 1. Welke keuzes maken Nederlandse kranten in de praktijk wat betreft gender in beroepsaanduidingen? 2. Wat zijn de opvattingen van de stijlboeken, hoofdredacteuren, eindredacteuren en ombudspersonen van de kranten over gender en beroepsaanduidingen? Om de eerste deelvraag te beantwoorden is een kwantitatieve analyse van artikelen van Nederlandse kranten uitgevoerd. Hierin werden beroepsaanduidingen gezocht en gecodeerd aan de hand van vijf hoofdcategorieën met bijbehorende subcategorieën die uit de literatuur zijn ontstaan. Om de tweede deelvraag te beantwoorden zijn hoofdredacteuren, eindredacteuren en ombudspersonen van NRC Handelsblad, de Volkskrant, Trouw, Algemeen Dagblad en De Telegraaf geïnterviewd aan de hand van topiclijsten die zijn ontstaan aan de hand van de wetenschappelijke literatuur. 3 Uit de resultaten blijkt dat Nederlandse kranten moeite hebben met gender in beroepsaanduidingen. Er is geen duidelijke norm die handvatten biedt aan de redactie. Hierdoor is een grote mate aan inconsistentie in het gebruik van gender in beroepsaanduidingen. Zowel in de artikelen, als in de opvattingen van de medewerkers van de Nederlandse kranten.Show less
Directly or indirectly, diplomacy affects us all, it is thus important to have diverse representation. However, this is not an easy feat. This research focuses on the reasons for the low percentage...Show moreDirectly or indirectly, diplomacy affects us all, it is thus important to have diverse representation. However, this is not an easy feat. This research focuses on the reasons for the low percentage of women in senior diplomacy compared to the number of women in the field altogether. This was researched by conducting a case study in the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where 12 employees were interviewed. A literature review combined with in-depth interviewing showed three main obstacles that prevent equal representation in senior diplomacy. Diplomacy is still associated with men, who are associated with having hard skills. Women are associated with soft skills and thus less likely to be seen as suitable candidates for leadership. Moreover, women carry out gender specific actions that add pressure on top of their work, which can increase the likelihood of women leaving the field. Gender specific actions are related to dealing with misidentification, undervaluation, and the lack of access to old-boys’ networks. Networking is essential in promotion rounds and as women are often kept out of these circles, levelling up becomes a challenge. In addition, the career of a women can differ from that of a man, around which diplomacy is structured, due to part time work related to family responsibilities or due to maternity leave. This takes a gap out of a woman’s career path and can make it difficult for women to catch up to men and reach the senior levels. Based on the findings, research must be done to combat these challenges to create equal opportunities for women in diplomacy to reach the diplomatic top and break the glass ceiling.Show less
The present study examined the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and pro-social behaviour in children and analysed the role of parent and child gender in this. A total of 238 children...Show moreThe present study examined the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and pro-social behaviour in children and analysed the role of parent and child gender in this. A total of 238 children participated in the Pro-social Cyberball Game, which is an experimental task to measure pro-social behaviour. Their primary parents completed the Parenting Scale, a questionnaire to assess use of dysfunctional parenting practices. A general linear model was performed. Differences in pro-social behaviour between boys and girls were examined and no significant difference was found. Contrary to our hypothesis which stated that more dysfunctional parenting would be related to less pro-social children, results were not significant. We examined this effect in several groups: comparing primary parents who are male to those who are female, and comparing families where primary parent and child belong to the same gender (same-gender dyads) to families where primary parent and child were of opposite gender (mixed-gender dyads). In our sample there was no difference in the way a parent influences his/her child’s pro-social behaviour, between mothers and fathers. Also, there was no difference in the effect of dysfunctional parenting on child’s pro-social behaviour, between same-gender and mixed-gender dyads. The present study contributes to clarifying alleged boy-girl and father-mother differences in pro-social behaviour and the effect of dysfunctional parenting on pro-sociality. The discussion reviewed the influence of gender norms in parenting and child behaviour and implications of these results.Show less
Men and women may cognitively construe power differently, i.e., either as an opportunity or a responsibility. In the current research, we explore the influence of gender identity and conformity on...Show moreMen and women may cognitively construe power differently, i.e., either as an opportunity or a responsibility. In the current research, we explore the influence of gender identity and conformity on power construal. To study these hypotheses, 402 participants were primed with having low power or high power using a recall task; subsequently the different meanings of power (responsibility and opportunity) were measured. Results indicate that the high power condition significantly increased the perception of both opportunities and responsibilities. Sex and conformity did not influence power construal while a more feminine gender identity was significantly related to the perception of responsibilities. Future studies could possibly look into how the findings of the current study fit in with the previously recorded findings, since there seems to be some discrepancy between the findings.Show less
The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the amount of day care and the quality of mother-child relationship for babies around 12 months of age. It is important to...Show moreThe aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the amount of day care and the quality of mother-child relationship for babies around 12 months of age. It is important to investigate this relationship as many more parents use daycare for young children nowadays than in the past. The sample of the current study was a semi-random selection from a larger longitudinal study. The participants consisted of 70 mothers between 25 and 44 years old (M = 32.9 years, SD = 3.9) and their babies who where around 12 months old (M = 378.9 days, SD = 12.8). Based on earlier research, it was predicted that fewer hours of day care would be associated with a more secure attachment relationship. In addition, it was predicted that this relationship would be moderated by the temperament and the gender of the child. Mothers where invited to participate in the Babylab at the Leiden University. The Strange Situation Procedure (Ainsworth, 1978) was used to assess attachment quality and temperament was measured by the Dutch version of the Infant Characteristic Questionnaire (Kohnstam, 1984). Contrary to our hypothesis, it was found that infants who spent more than 20 hours of day care were more securely attached than infants who had less than 20 hours of day care. This difference was found not to be moderated by the level of temperamental difficultness or the gender of the infant. In conclusion, the current study takes a more positive view on more hours of day care for babies around 12 months old. Future research should include factors, such as quality of daycare and caregiver sensitivity, to further clarify the relationship between attachment quality and amount of daycare usage.Show less
Master thesis | Classics and Ancient Civilizations (MA)
open access
Natalie Haynes' 2019 novel A Thousand Ships (ATS) rewrites several classical texts from a female perspective. In doing so, the novel specifically engages with the epic genre and the epic tradition....Show moreNatalie Haynes' 2019 novel A Thousand Ships (ATS) rewrites several classical texts from a female perspective. In doing so, the novel specifically engages with the epic genre and the epic tradition. Inspired by the field of reception studies, this thesis aims to describe the (re)definition of epic offered in ATS, to understand where it comes from, and to critically assess it in the face of the ancient text(s) it is based on.Show less
Negotiating is an intricate process and crucial to finding success in all facets of life. Constructs such as stereotype endorsement and threat, social motives and power distributions play an...Show moreNegotiating is an intricate process and crucial to finding success in all facets of life. Constructs such as stereotype endorsement and threat, social motives and power distributions play an important role in negotiations. Negotiations are not limited to dyads; often they take place in a group setting. Whilst both men and women negotiate, there appear to be differences in performance between the two. The question that this paper looks to address is what the influence of stereotype endorsement and stereotype threat is on the outcome of both pro-self and pro-socially motivated, mixed gender groups, where power is dispersed unequally. The two main hypotheses that follow are that men in the leadership position will outperform women in the leadership position in the pro-self motivated condition. Furthermore, groups with a female leader will outperform groups with a male leader in the pro-socially motivated condition. To investigate this, 204 participants were recruited into 68 three person groups, comprising 105 men and 99 women. They played a negotiation game, emulating the owners of a beach club. Their scores and answers on a questionnaire following the game were brought into analysis. Results show that men and women perform better or worse depending on the social motive and the power distribution of the negotiation. Also, the leader is especially impacted by stereotypes surrounding their gender. The differences between men and women might be explained by the effects of gender stereotypes. Being aware of the influence of gender stereotypes on negotiation performance might serve individuals well in order to increase their performance in negotiations.Show less
Master thesis | Classics and Ancient Civilizations (MA)
open access
Athena's aegis, her characteristic magical garment, often features a scaly texture, a fringe of snakes, or the head of the gorgon Medusa. These attributes sometimes make Athena look like a hybrid...Show moreAthena's aegis, her characteristic magical garment, often features a scaly texture, a fringe of snakes, or the head of the gorgon Medusa. These attributes sometimes make Athena look like a hybrid monster in ancient Greek art and literature. This thesis explores the scope of literary and artistic representations of Athena in which her aegis constructs her body as a monstrous, boundary-crossing hybrid. I explore four contexts or themes in which Athena’s body interacts with the monstrous through the medium of the aegis: gender, costume, monster battles, and image ontologies. In each context, the monstrous aegis places Athena’s body in multiple categories simultaneously: masculine and feminine, hybrid and humanoid, god and monster, image and moving body. It is an agent of transformation. I argue that this polymorphism grants Athena a similar fantastical or unrealistic body to a hybrid monster. She is an excellent vector for artistic and literary explorations of the nature, limits, and transgression of cultural and ontological taxonomies. Rather than only signifying dominion over the monstrous, as is conventionally argued, the hybridity of the aegis allows Athena to function in a similar fashion to a monster.Show less
Research master thesis | Linguistics (research) (MA)
open access
Discussions concerning syntactic aspects of code-switching (CS) phenomena are currently ongoing. This thesis looks at two such phenomena, nominal ellipsis (NPE) and linear adjacency, and shows how...Show moreDiscussions concerning syntactic aspects of code-switching (CS) phenomena are currently ongoing. This thesis looks at two such phenomena, nominal ellipsis (NPE) and linear adjacency, and shows how empirical investigation of CS contexts helps inform linguistic theory. This was accomplished by presenting 23 Belgian Dutch/French (BD/FR) bilinguals with a two-alternative forced choice judgment task and comparing their choices through t-tests to check for significance. Experiment 1 examines whether the choice of grammatical gender on adnominal ellipsis remnants reveals a morphosyntactic link between a FR elided noun with a BD antecedent. The results show that no such link can be observed for NPE in this language pair; this is contra González-Vilbazo and Ramos (2015), Merchant (2015) and Nee (2012), who have found evidence of a such a link between elided elements and antecedent in code-switched clausal and VP-ellipsis, as well as general evidence against structural theories of ellipsis (e.g., Merchant, 2001; 2004). Experiment 2 explores the Matrix Language Framework (MLF) (Myers-Scotton, 1993; 1995), a popular model that predicts that the determiner language will match the matrix language (ML) in code-switched DPs. However, effects of linear adjacency between the determiner and the inflection on the main verb (which determines the ML) have not yet been considered within the MLF. The DP was given as a post-verbal complement (adjacent), and as a post-verbal adjunct and a pre-verbal complement (non-adjacent). The results show that linear adjacency has no effect on determiner language. Moreover, the results also do not fit into the MLF. This thesis is the first empirical study to examine NPE theory in a code-switched environment, as well as the first to investigate linear adjacency effects on code-switched DPs. This work also provides insight into CS patterns in the BD/FR language pair, a relatively understudied bilingual population that frequently employs CS but is not a close-knit community. Taken together, these findings show that gathering empirical CS data from distinct bilingual populations is crucial, adding new and contrary insights and aiding the construction of linguistic theory.Show less
My thesis investigates the problem of contrasting image-making of politicians in the 1970s and 1980s in the Netherlands. It studies the image-making of politicians, which saw the changing of norms...Show moreMy thesis investigates the problem of contrasting image-making of politicians in the 1970s and 1980s in the Netherlands. It studies the image-making of politicians, which saw the changing of norms in the political arena, professionalisation of journalism and wider social-cultural changes. Strikingly, during this period of emancipation of women and more women entering politics, the writing about female politicians stays partly stereotypical, whilst their self-presentation also follows stereotypical narratives in specific instances.Show less
This research aimed to investigate the engagement of work-life balance (WLB) crafting in entrepreneurs by examining two predictors, growth pursuit and gender difference (males vs. females). It was...Show moreThis research aimed to investigate the engagement of work-life balance (WLB) crafting in entrepreneurs by examining two predictors, growth pursuit and gender difference (males vs. females). It was hypothesized that growth pursuit would negatively predict WLB crafting among entrepreneurs, and that female entrepreneurs engage less in WLB crafting than male entrepreneurs. One hundred forty-two entrepreneurs participated through Prolific Academic by filling out a cross-sectional and correlational study. The questionnaire consisted of demographic and business information, as well as the scales to measure growth pursuit and WLB crafting. The results extracted from the 2-hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that Hypothesis 1 was not supported because growth pursuit positively and significantly predicted WLB crafting engagement. Additionally, Hypothesis 2 was also not supported as the effect was not significant, indicating that there was no remarkable difference between male and female entrepreneurs in their level of engagement in WLB crafting. The findings suggest that entrepreneurs who strive to grow their business also aim to maintain a WLB crafting at the same time so that they can prevent potential losses resulting from stress and burn-out. Moreover, the findings also suggest that gender does not predict the entrepreneur's engagement in WLB crafting.Show less
Power can be construed in terms of opportunities or responsibilities. The current research examined the effect of in biological sex, gender, gender identity and gender on the power construal of...Show morePower can be construed in terms of opportunities or responsibilities. The current research examined the effect of in biological sex, gender, gender identity and gender on the power construal of power holders. Female gender identity and role were hypothesized to be associated to power construal in terms of responsibility (rather than opportunity), while male gender identity and role were hypothesized to be associated to power construal in terms of opportunity (rather than responsibility). This was examined by administration of a questionnaire. Respondents consisted of male and female professionals in leadership roles from the UK. The study found that female gender identity and femininity are positively related to power construed in terms of responsibility. No significant relationships between gender identity and power construal as opportunity were found. This highlights the relevance of gender on power construal in terms of responsibilityShow less
This thesis identifies if alternatives to marriage were arising in the wake of declining marriage (and fertility) numbers in Korea. Through analysing marriage ideals and expectations of the past,...Show moreThis thesis identifies if alternatives to marriage were arising in the wake of declining marriage (and fertility) numbers in Korea. Through analysing marriage ideals and expectations of the past, capturing the current state of affairs, and analysing young Korean women’s stance on marriage, a better understanding of the future of marriage in Korea was created. Economic regression, rigid normative standards and the unhealthy societal pressure have restricted the rise of alternatives to marriage and hence the institution is adamant at changing as Korea’s marriage and fertility numbers have risen to this all-time low.Show less
Background Conflicts and violence are expected to increase because of stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conflicts and violence at home might amplify stay-at-home burden during the...Show moreBackground Conflicts and violence are expected to increase because of stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conflicts and violence at home might amplify stay-at-home burden during the pandemic, increasing risk for adjustment disorder. Women might experience conflicts, violence, and stay-at-home burden more likely than men, predisposing them for adjustment disorder. Objective This study aims to investigate whether conflicts/violence predict more stay-at-home burden and adjustment disorder symptoms depending on gender. It is hypothesized that stay-at-home burden mediates the positive association between conflicts/violence and adjustment disorder symptoms. Further, it is hypothesized that gender moderates this positive association between conflicts/violence and stay-at-home burden, with conflicts/violence predicting more stay-at-home burden and adjustment disorder symptoms for women than men. Methods A cross-sectional online survey study was conducted with mostly female and Dutch participants (n = 1883) from July 24th, 2020 until November 15th, 2020. Conflicts, violence, and stay-at-home burden were assessed with the self-constructed survey Burden by Corona Pandemic. Adjustment disorder symptoms were assessed with Adjustment Disorder – New Module 8. A moderated mediation analysis with “PROCESS” macro model number 7 (v4.1) was conducted. Results The moderated mediation analysis yielded non-significant results. Stay-at-home burden was not significantly mediating the positive association between conflicts/violence and adjustment disorder symptoms. Gender was not significantly moderating the positive association between conflicts/violence and stay-at-home burden. Discussion In this study, women did not report more stay-at-home burden and adjustment disorder symptoms due to conflicts and violence than men. Longitudinal studies should investigate how gender, conflicts, violence, and stay-at-home burden can impact mental health long-term during a pandemic.Show less
Bachelor thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (BSc)
closed access
During the 2011-revolutions in the MENA region called the Arab Spring, women and men collectively took to the streets to demand bread, freedom, social justice, and human dignity. After the...Show moreDuring the 2011-revolutions in the MENA region called the Arab Spring, women and men collectively took to the streets to demand bread, freedom, social justice, and human dignity. After the revolutionary momentum had passed, women were excluded from the political domain, including the policymaking process. Based on the cases of Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia, this thesis examines the structures that restrain women from participating in politics by looking at both formal and informal politics. Broadening the analytical field in the study of policymaking while adopting an anthropological approach, this thesis criticises modernisation theory by showing how development is not a linear process by considering the role of religion and patriarchalism. It explains why despite women striving for similar demands as men, one cannot adopt a gender-blindness approach to reflect upon women’s aspirations and demands in politics. Besides, it shows how women increasingly were able to problematise their aspirations and demands by participating in physical and digital activism. However, the exclusion of women from institutional decision-making processes and the patriarchalist model of social order prevent the institutionalisation of women’s aspirations and demands into policies.Show less
