Er zijn veel soorten beroepen die mensen kunnen uitoefenen. Boer, kokkin, chef, journaliste of minister? Het is slechts een greep uit de grote getale waarin beroepsaanduidingen voorkomen. Op...Show moreEr zijn veel soorten beroepen die mensen kunnen uitoefenen. Boer, kokkin, chef, journaliste of minister? Het is slechts een greep uit de grote getale waarin beroepsaanduidingen voorkomen. Op redacties wordt grondig gediscussieerd of hierbij gendermarkerende of genderneutrale beroepsaanduidingen gebruikt moeten worden. Dit onderzoek richt zich op het huidige debat rondom deze kwestie en op welke manier dit debat zich afspeelt binnen de redacties van Nederlandse kranten. Aan de ene kant van de discussie bevindt zich de groep die vindt dat er geen onderscheid tussen genders gemaakt moet worden en er een vaste beroepsaanduiding voor alle genders gehanteerd moet worden. Dit komt vaak al snel neer op de beroepsaanduiding die oorspronkelijk mannelijk is. De andere partij in deze discussie vindt dat vrouwen daarmee zichtbaarheid verliezen in de taal en dat heeft nadelige gevolgen voor vrouwen. Redacties moeten keuzes maken hoe ze hiermee om willen gaan. De meeste redacties leggen dit vast in een, al dan niet openbaar, stijlboek. Dan is het nog de vraag of deze voorschriften nageleefd worden in de praktijk en wat de medewerkers binnen de redactie van deze voorschriften vinden. Dat vraagstuk resulteert in de volgende hoofdvraag: Hoe gaan Nederlandse kranten om met gender in beroepsaanduidingen? Deze vraag wordt in deze scriptie beantwoord aan de hand van twee deelvragen: 1. Welke keuzes maken Nederlandse kranten in de praktijk wat betreft gender in beroepsaanduidingen? 2. Wat zijn de opvattingen van de stijlboeken, hoofdredacteuren, eindredacteuren en ombudspersonen van de kranten over gender en beroepsaanduidingen? Om de eerste deelvraag te beantwoorden is een kwantitatieve analyse van artikelen van Nederlandse kranten uitgevoerd. Hierin werden beroepsaanduidingen gezocht en gecodeerd aan de hand van vijf hoofdcategorieën met bijbehorende subcategorieën die uit de literatuur zijn ontstaan. Om de tweede deelvraag te beantwoorden zijn hoofdredacteuren, eindredacteuren en ombudspersonen van NRC Handelsblad, de Volkskrant, Trouw, Algemeen Dagblad en De Telegraaf geïnterviewd aan de hand van topiclijsten die zijn ontstaan aan de hand van de wetenschappelijke literatuur. 3 Uit de resultaten blijkt dat Nederlandse kranten moeite hebben met gender in beroepsaanduidingen. Er is geen duidelijke norm die handvatten biedt aan de redactie. Hierdoor is een grote mate aan inconsistentie in het gebruik van gender in beroepsaanduidingen. Zowel in de artikelen, als in de opvattingen van de medewerkers van de Nederlandse kranten.Show less
Directly or indirectly, diplomacy affects us all, it is thus important to have diverse representation. However, this is not an easy feat. This research focuses on the reasons for the low percentage...Show moreDirectly or indirectly, diplomacy affects us all, it is thus important to have diverse representation. However, this is not an easy feat. This research focuses on the reasons for the low percentage of women in senior diplomacy compared to the number of women in the field altogether. This was researched by conducting a case study in the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where 12 employees were interviewed. A literature review combined with in-depth interviewing showed three main obstacles that prevent equal representation in senior diplomacy. Diplomacy is still associated with men, who are associated with having hard skills. Women are associated with soft skills and thus less likely to be seen as suitable candidates for leadership. Moreover, women carry out gender specific actions that add pressure on top of their work, which can increase the likelihood of women leaving the field. Gender specific actions are related to dealing with misidentification, undervaluation, and the lack of access to old-boys’ networks. Networking is essential in promotion rounds and as women are often kept out of these circles, levelling up becomes a challenge. In addition, the career of a women can differ from that of a man, around which diplomacy is structured, due to part time work related to family responsibilities or due to maternity leave. This takes a gap out of a woman’s career path and can make it difficult for women to catch up to men and reach the senior levels. Based on the findings, research must be done to combat these challenges to create equal opportunities for women in diplomacy to reach the diplomatic top and break the glass ceiling.Show less
The present study examined the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and pro-social behaviour in children and analysed the role of parent and child gender in this. A total of 238 children...Show moreThe present study examined the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and pro-social behaviour in children and analysed the role of parent and child gender in this. A total of 238 children participated in the Pro-social Cyberball Game, which is an experimental task to measure pro-social behaviour. Their primary parents completed the Parenting Scale, a questionnaire to assess use of dysfunctional parenting practices. A general linear model was performed. Differences in pro-social behaviour between boys and girls were examined and no significant difference was found. Contrary to our hypothesis which stated that more dysfunctional parenting would be related to less pro-social children, results were not significant. We examined this effect in several groups: comparing primary parents who are male to those who are female, and comparing families where primary parent and child belong to the same gender (same-gender dyads) to families where primary parent and child were of opposite gender (mixed-gender dyads). In our sample there was no difference in the way a parent influences his/her child’s pro-social behaviour, between mothers and fathers. Also, there was no difference in the effect of dysfunctional parenting on child’s pro-social behaviour, between same-gender and mixed-gender dyads. The present study contributes to clarifying alleged boy-girl and father-mother differences in pro-social behaviour and the effect of dysfunctional parenting on pro-sociality. The discussion reviewed the influence of gender norms in parenting and child behaviour and implications of these results.Show less
Men and women may cognitively construe power differently, i.e., either as an opportunity or a responsibility. In the current research, we explore the influence of gender identity and conformity on...Show moreMen and women may cognitively construe power differently, i.e., either as an opportunity or a responsibility. In the current research, we explore the influence of gender identity and conformity on power construal. To study these hypotheses, 402 participants were primed with having low power or high power using a recall task; subsequently the different meanings of power (responsibility and opportunity) were measured. Results indicate that the high power condition significantly increased the perception of both opportunities and responsibilities. Sex and conformity did not influence power construal while a more feminine gender identity was significantly related to the perception of responsibilities. Future studies could possibly look into how the findings of the current study fit in with the previously recorded findings, since there seems to be some discrepancy between the findings.Show less
The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the amount of day care and the quality of mother-child relationship for babies around 12 months of age. It is important to...Show moreThe aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the amount of day care and the quality of mother-child relationship for babies around 12 months of age. It is important to investigate this relationship as many more parents use daycare for young children nowadays than in the past. The sample of the current study was a semi-random selection from a larger longitudinal study. The participants consisted of 70 mothers between 25 and 44 years old (M = 32.9 years, SD = 3.9) and their babies who where around 12 months old (M = 378.9 days, SD = 12.8). Based on earlier research, it was predicted that fewer hours of day care would be associated with a more secure attachment relationship. In addition, it was predicted that this relationship would be moderated by the temperament and the gender of the child. Mothers where invited to participate in the Babylab at the Leiden University. The Strange Situation Procedure (Ainsworth, 1978) was used to assess attachment quality and temperament was measured by the Dutch version of the Infant Characteristic Questionnaire (Kohnstam, 1984). Contrary to our hypothesis, it was found that infants who spent more than 20 hours of day care were more securely attached than infants who had less than 20 hours of day care. This difference was found not to be moderated by the level of temperamental difficultness or the gender of the infant. In conclusion, the current study takes a more positive view on more hours of day care for babies around 12 months old. Future research should include factors, such as quality of daycare and caregiver sensitivity, to further clarify the relationship between attachment quality and amount of daycare usage.Show less
Master thesis | Classics and Ancient Civilizations (MA)
open access
Natalie Haynes' 2019 novel A Thousand Ships (ATS) rewrites several classical texts from a female perspective. In doing so, the novel specifically engages with the epic genre and the epic tradition....Show moreNatalie Haynes' 2019 novel A Thousand Ships (ATS) rewrites several classical texts from a female perspective. In doing so, the novel specifically engages with the epic genre and the epic tradition. Inspired by the field of reception studies, this thesis aims to describe the (re)definition of epic offered in ATS, to understand where it comes from, and to critically assess it in the face of the ancient text(s) it is based on.Show less
Master thesis | Classics and Ancient Civilizations (MA)
open access
Athena's aegis, her characteristic magical garment, often features a scaly texture, a fringe of snakes, or the head of the gorgon Medusa. These attributes sometimes make Athena look like a hybrid...Show moreAthena's aegis, her characteristic magical garment, often features a scaly texture, a fringe of snakes, or the head of the gorgon Medusa. These attributes sometimes make Athena look like a hybrid monster in ancient Greek art and literature. This thesis explores the scope of literary and artistic representations of Athena in which her aegis constructs her body as a monstrous, boundary-crossing hybrid. I explore four contexts or themes in which Athena’s body interacts with the monstrous through the medium of the aegis: gender, costume, monster battles, and image ontologies. In each context, the monstrous aegis places Athena’s body in multiple categories simultaneously: masculine and feminine, hybrid and humanoid, god and monster, image and moving body. It is an agent of transformation. I argue that this polymorphism grants Athena a similar fantastical or unrealistic body to a hybrid monster. She is an excellent vector for artistic and literary explorations of the nature, limits, and transgression of cultural and ontological taxonomies. Rather than only signifying dominion over the monstrous, as is conventionally argued, the hybridity of the aegis allows Athena to function in a similar fashion to a monster.Show less
This thesis identifies if alternatives to marriage were arising in the wake of declining marriage (and fertility) numbers in Korea. Through analysing marriage ideals and expectations of the past,...Show moreThis thesis identifies if alternatives to marriage were arising in the wake of declining marriage (and fertility) numbers in Korea. Through analysing marriage ideals and expectations of the past, capturing the current state of affairs, and analysing young Korean women’s stance on marriage, a better understanding of the future of marriage in Korea was created. Economic regression, rigid normative standards and the unhealthy societal pressure have restricted the rise of alternatives to marriage and hence the institution is adamant at changing as Korea’s marriage and fertility numbers have risen to this all-time low.Show less
Background Conflicts and violence are expected to increase because of stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conflicts and violence at home might amplify stay-at-home burden during the...Show moreBackground Conflicts and violence are expected to increase because of stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conflicts and violence at home might amplify stay-at-home burden during the pandemic, increasing risk for adjustment disorder. Women might experience conflicts, violence, and stay-at-home burden more likely than men, predisposing them for adjustment disorder. Objective This study aims to investigate whether conflicts/violence predict more stay-at-home burden and adjustment disorder symptoms depending on gender. It is hypothesized that stay-at-home burden mediates the positive association between conflicts/violence and adjustment disorder symptoms. Further, it is hypothesized that gender moderates this positive association between conflicts/violence and stay-at-home burden, with conflicts/violence predicting more stay-at-home burden and adjustment disorder symptoms for women than men. Methods A cross-sectional online survey study was conducted with mostly female and Dutch participants (n = 1883) from July 24th, 2020 until November 15th, 2020. Conflicts, violence, and stay-at-home burden were assessed with the self-constructed survey Burden by Corona Pandemic. Adjustment disorder symptoms were assessed with Adjustment Disorder – New Module 8. A moderated mediation analysis with “PROCESS” macro model number 7 (v4.1) was conducted. Results The moderated mediation analysis yielded non-significant results. Stay-at-home burden was not significantly mediating the positive association between conflicts/violence and adjustment disorder symptoms. Gender was not significantly moderating the positive association between conflicts/violence and stay-at-home burden. Discussion In this study, women did not report more stay-at-home burden and adjustment disorder symptoms due to conflicts and violence than men. Longitudinal studies should investigate how gender, conflicts, violence, and stay-at-home burden can impact mental health long-term during a pandemic.Show less
Self-esteem is a fundamental change that occurs during adolescence, and previous studies suggested that maternal love withdrawal, parental and peer attachment quality contribute to adolescents’...Show moreSelf-esteem is a fundamental change that occurs during adolescence, and previous studies suggested that maternal love withdrawal, parental and peer attachment quality contribute to adolescents’ self-esteem. Since lower levels of self-esteem are related to poor health outcomes, it is important to find out which factors contribute to these negative outcomes and which group of adolescents are especially at risk. Therefore, the present study investigated whether gender and attachment quality moderate the relationship between maternal love withdrawal and self-esteem. It was expected that there is a negative relationship between maternal love withdrawal and self-esteem in adolescents and that there are gender differences in this relationship. Moreover, it was hypothesized that there is a relationship between attachment quality and self-esteem, and that the relationship between maternal love withdrawal and self-esteem is stronger in adolescents who are more securely attached to their mother, father and/or friend than adolescents who are less securely attached. Participants were 160 adolescents aged 11-21 years who completed online questionnaires about maternal love withdrawal, attachment quality and self-esteem. The results showed that maternal love withdrawal, and maternal, paternal and friend attachment (anxious/avoidant) were negatively related to self-esteem. Furthermore, gender and attachment did not moderate the relationship between maternal love withdrawal and self-esteem. Interventions should be created that support insecurely attached adolescents or adolescents whose mother withdrew their love and educate parents about the negative consequences of using love withdrawal as a punishment for their child’s undesirable behavior.Show less
When a noun irregularly has the regular endings of one gender in the singular and those of a different gender in the plural, it is said to belong to an inquorate gender. This thesis assembles a...Show moreWhen a noun irregularly has the regular endings of one gender in the singular and those of a different gender in the plural, it is said to belong to an inquorate gender. This thesis assembles a corpus of nouns displaying this behavior in Latin and groups them into four inquorate genders. Then for each noun it investigates the purported causes of their abnormal gender in an attempt to find if each of the inquorate genders has a single cause. After examining each noun, it is argued that none of the four inquorate genders has a single cause. It is also argued that for some of the nouns, the previous explanations for their origin are incorrect.Show less
Active listening (AL) is an important leadership skill within the workplace. It is essential to investigate a possible causal association between AL, employee well-being and other measures....Show moreActive listening (AL) is an important leadership skill within the workplace. It is essential to investigate a possible causal association between AL, employee well-being and other measures. Therefore, the main question of this research is: “What is the effect of extraversion and gender on active listening skills of leaders in organisations and how does this skill relates to employee well-being?” A questionnaire was spread among 374 Dutch employees. The results showed that AL-skills of a leader have a positive relation with employee well-being. Also, female leaders apply active listening more often compared to male leaders. The results pointed out that extraversion does not have a negative relation with the AL-skills of leaders in organisations. Furthermore, Female leaders are better at AL compared to male leaders, but this difference is not larger for non-extravert leaders compared to extravert leaders. Future longitudinal research should confirm the causality between the variables.Show less
Political science literature has previously focused on different political behaviors among men and women in the United States, where little research of this type has been conducted in a west...Show morePolitical science literature has previously focused on different political behaviors among men and women in the United States, where little research of this type has been conducted in a west European context in parliamentary systems. Within a framework of cospecialization, this study explores potential gender differences in the municipal council of Utrecht in the period of October 2020 to October 2021 using mixed methods. Motions and its cosponsors were analyzed, where gender did not have a significant effect on the cosponsoring of council members. Cospecialization however, did have a significant effect, in line with the cospecialization literature. The interviews with council members were intended to explain any potentially found effects in the quantitative analysis, yet none of the participants alluded to a difference in gender when it came to political behavior quantified as cosponsoring motions. Still, some other themes for potential future research were brought up. A new hierarchy of factors is proposed based on the qualitative data (cospecialization, agreement, issue topic, and personal relations), and the data is contextualized and situated in the existent literature, from which future comparative studies are suggested.Show less
Due to the rise of the internet and social media in the 21st century, we are seeing a shift in behaviours from the offline to the online world. This has both positive and negative consequences. One...Show moreDue to the rise of the internet and social media in the 21st century, we are seeing a shift in behaviours from the offline to the online world. This has both positive and negative consequences. One of these consequences is a rise in cyberbullying cases, which could lead to negative effects for victims. Therefore, it is important to research ways to prevent cyberbullying. The goal of this research paper was to investigate the relationship between social media use and perpetration of cyberbullying and what role gender plays in this relationship, thereby possibly identifying gender and social media use as possible risk factors for perpetration of cyberbullying. The study assessed self-reported social media use including sexting and cyberbullying experiences and behaviours in a sample of 120 young adults between the ages of 18 to 24 years old (N = 38 males, Mean age = 21.94). Data was analysed with a multiple regression analysis. Results showed that, for women, there was a positive relationship between social media use and the perpetration of cyberbullying. For men no such relationship was found. Our findings are in line with evolutionary and gender socialization theories that suggest women are more inclined to use indirect forms of aggression whereas men are more inclined to use direct forms. These results have implications for future research into risk factors for cyberbullying and for identifying risk factors to prevent perpetration in practice. The focus in research and in practice should not only lie in identifying individual risk factors, but also consider the importance of gender effects.Show less
It has been suggested that power provides both opportunities for promoting the achievement of one's own goals and responsibilities for the outcomes of those who are dependent on the power-holder....Show moreIt has been suggested that power provides both opportunities for promoting the achievement of one's own goals and responsibilities for the outcomes of those who are dependent on the power-holder. In our study we investigated whether sex and gender identity influence the construal of power as either opportunity or responsibility in a variety of power contexts, while also examining the possible moderating role of personality traits. Power was manipulated by priming participants in a high or low power condition, by requesting them to describe a situation in which they felt powerful or powerless. There were also questions about the meaning they ascribed to that power, while their gender identity was measured by a recently developed scale. Our results showed that participants in the high power condition were more likely to construe their power as both an opportunity and a responsibility than the participants in the low power condition and that femininity is associated with the construal of power as a responsibility irrespective of the level of power. Females construed their power as a responsibility more than males only when we controlled for neuroticism, openness to experience and their stability of power. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.Show less
