Genes on the X and Y chromosomes have been found to have influence on the development of the brain, and thus on the development of psychopathology. Children with Sex Chromosome Trisomies (SCT) have...Show moreGenes on the X and Y chromosomes have been found to have influence on the development of the brain, and thus on the development of psychopathology. Children with Sex Chromosome Trisomies (SCT) have an abnormal number of X or Y chromosomes and may therefore be at risk for developmental problems, including internalizing problems. The present study aims to provide an answer to the question whether children aged 1 to 6 years with SCT have more internalizing symptoms than children without SCT, whether there is a difference between SCT karyotypes (XXX, XXY or XYY) and to what extent internalizing symptoms increase with age. This study included 29 children with XXX, 43 children with XXY, 20 children with XYY and 42 boys and 46 girls without SCT, all between the age of 1 to 6. These children’s parents completed the CBCL1-5 and a background-questionnaire while the WIPPSI-III was administered to the children. The study showed that children with SCT have an increased amount of internalizing symptoms compared to the control group. It also appears that there is a difference between the three SCT groups in degree of difference with the control group on internalizing symptoms. Finally, internalizing symptoms of children with SCT appear to have a stronger increase with age than the control group. In all three outcomes, it was also found that there is a difference between the SCT groups and between the SCT group and control group in which types of internalizing symptoms emerge. Thus, this study has shown that it is important to be aware of internalizing symptoms in young children, so that further development of these problems can be prevented. It is also important to keep in mind that internalizing problems manifest differently in these children, which makes it important to find a fitting intervention.Show less
Background. Children with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) are at a high risk for an intellectual impairment and experiencing psychiatric symptoms. Internalizing problems, such as anxiety and a...Show moreBackground. Children with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) are at a high risk for an intellectual impairment and experiencing psychiatric symptoms. Internalizing problems, such as anxiety and a depressed mood, are among the most prevalent reported psychiatric symptoms in patients with TSC. These problems often precede more severe psychopathology, especially when they remain unrecognized. Despite this, research on this subject is still remarkably scarce, especially in children. A factor that seems to be positively associated with internalizing problems is intellectual ability. A major research question that arises is whether more internalizing problems are related to higher intelligence levels in children with TSC, which was examined in the current study. As TSC1 is related to less (severe) intellectual impairments compared to TSC2, a differentiation was made between these mutation types. Additionally, we explored whether internalizing problems increased with age, as would be consistent with findings in the general population. Methods. To test these hypotheses, internalizing problem scores (a parental report on the child behavior checklist) and intellectual ability (using different age- and range-appropriate intelligence and developmental tests) in a non-selected sample of children with TSC (N = 95, Age (Mean (SD) = 10.46 (4.25), 46.3% female, 28.5% TSC1) were assessed. To examine the association between internalizing problems and intellectual ability, several hierarchical regression analyses were performed. Externalizing problems, age, sex and the number of prescribed anti-epileptic drugs were included as control variables. For the exploratory hypothesis, this study tracked symptom severity over two follow-up visits in a subset of our patient population, using several paired sample t-tests. To additionally check whether internalizing problems became more severe in (early) adolescence we selected 15 children (66.7% female) for the childhood/adolescence subgroup. Within these groups, sex- and mutation related differences were also considered. Results. A significant model was found (F = 10.53, p <.001) in which externalizing problems (B = .55, p <.001) and age (B = .28, p <.005) were positively associated with internalizing problems. However, intelligence levels were found to have no influence. Furthermore, internalizing problems tend to increase with age (p <.001). Between childhood and adolescence, this increase was predominantly observed in girls (p = .03). Boys did not seem to experience more internalizing problems during this transition period. Lastly, a trend was found in which only a mutation on the TSC2 gene was associated with more internalizing problems over time (p <.005). Conclusion. This study could not confirm an association between internalizing problems and intelligence. However, our results indicated that internalizing problems increased with age, especially in girls. Since these behaviors contribute to the burden of the disease, it is of great importance that all involved professionals are sensitive to internalizing problems. A regular and thorough evaluation of internalizing problems should therefore always be part of the psychiatric assessment.Show less
Over the years, parental behaviors were proved to influence children’s mental health. Rejection constitutes one of the main behaviors that affect the socioemotional adjustment of the child....Show moreOver the years, parental behaviors were proved to influence children’s mental health. Rejection constitutes one of the main behaviors that affect the socioemotional adjustment of the child. Existing literature suggests that low educated parents are more rejecting, while their children show higher levels of internalizing problems compared to their peers. Even though parents constitute the most significant others of the child, as children grow older, they become more functionally autonomous. In the current study, three analyses were conducted to examine the correlation between parental rejection and internalizing problems exclusively in observed parent-child interactions (k = 20, N = 3.689), parental educational level as a confounder of the latter correlation (k = 12, N = 1.579) and children’s age as a possible moderator (k = 19, N = 2.613). Results show positive effects for the correlation between rejection and internalizing problems (ES = .11). Both moderator analyses were insignificant. In the future, it is necessary to examine the individual effect of parental educational level on rejecting behaviors and internalizing problems. More studies are needed to examine whether the strength of the correlation between parental rejection and internalizing problems alters based on diverse developmental stages of the child.Show less
