Ever since the European Union (EU) embraced a securitising approach to the migration problem by leaning on third-country deals, countries such as Turkey and Belarus gained leverage against the EU,...Show moreEver since the European Union (EU) embraced a securitising approach to the migration problem by leaning on third-country deals, countries such as Turkey and Belarus gained leverage against the EU, using these deals as tools for coercive engineered migration (CEM). Although Turkey has been a candidate country and was following a Europeanising route for its policies, it opted for a coercive route and employed CEM against the EU after the 2015 crisis. Based on Greenhill’s (2010) theory, this paper argues that Turkey has employed CEM because it had certain demands from the EU that were previously unacceptable and had lower bargaining power vis-à-vis the EU. This project followed a process-tracing method and analysed five cases where Turkey employed CEM against the EU. The analysis showed that in all of these five cases, Turkey had certain demands from the EU, whether political, monetary, or otherwise, that were not negotiable by the EU before this strategy. Although Turkey was not always successful in retrieving its demands from the EU, it managed to at least put the demands on the negotiation table. Secondly, in all of the cases, Turkey had lower bargaining power compared to the EU, which made it likely for Turkey to employ CEM to shift the power balance. The analysis adds nuance to the research on coercive migration diplomacy by focusing on the Turkish case, particularly observing Turkey's shift from a cooperative to a coercive power and examining the causal mechanisms behind this shift. This research might encourage further studies that compare Turkey to different third-country deals on this basis.Show less
This thesis will look into of what limited the Dutch state in their attempt to deport Chinese immigrants in 1945-1965, and whether this due to national constraints or international constraints.
With the rising numbers of migrant workers in South Korea, it is important to look into the policies and laws that regulate this migration and labour. This thesis will put the focus on Filipino low...Show moreWith the rising numbers of migrant workers in South Korea, it is important to look into the policies and laws that regulate this migration and labour. This thesis will put the focus on Filipino low-skilled migrants under the Employment Permit System where the question is: What shaped the South Korean migrant policies and how does this affect the rights and lives of Filipino low-skilled migrant workers? By looking at the Employment Permit System, the policies that are effective under it, activist groups, the realities of (Filipino) migrants and their situation in their home country, a picture is painted of the current consequences and challenges that the EPS poses. It became clear through this research that the EPS was lacking in labour and human rights for migrants and granted a lot of power for the employer. The policy was brought on as the Ministry of Justice wanted the migrant workers to leave the country after 3 years to preserve the South Korean social cohesion, increasing the discrimination. The case of the Filipino worker is a particular dire one as the Filipino government sends many of their citizens to work abroad, to the extent of a large monetary dependency on remittances. This urgency further skirted the migrants’ rights for economic gain, leaving them vulnerable for exploitation. It is thus important to not only look at the migrant policy of one country (in this case South Korea), but also the home country’s situation to pose effective solutions against the discrimination and exploitation of migrant workers.Show less
Over the last 30 years, the Moroccan migration waves in the Netherlands contributed to a change of ''the Dutch culture’’. The arrival of this group has influenced this dynamic process. The...Show moreOver the last 30 years, the Moroccan migration waves in the Netherlands contributed to a change of ''the Dutch culture’’. The arrival of this group has influenced this dynamic process. The integration policies of the government changed as well over time. Since 9/11 and the murder of politician Pim Fortuyn and director Theo van Gogh, the political debate in the Netherlands seems to be entirely focused on how the ‘national identity’ is threatened by Muslim fundamentalism and the alleged failure of the ethnic integration policy of a multicultural society. In the current Dutch political climate, Dutch-Moroccan youth are often labelled as a root problem, paired with a lot of negative (media) attention. The (mostly) negative appearance of Dutch-Moroccan youth in the public sphere also affects the formation of their identity. Aside from being subjected to many negative stereotypes, this group received little academic nor media attention within the Dutch society. Trying to break from the negative stereotypes, Dutch-Moroccan rappers use hip-hop music as a tool to resist. This research analysed Dutch-Moroccan rap music to understand the process of identity formation. Through this research, the main question is answered of what the role is of Dutch Moroccan rap music in the process of identity formation among Dutch Moroccan youth in the Netherlands. This provided a deeper understanding of how the analysed Dutch Moroccan rappers present themselves, and represent others. The analysis of the lyrics provided an insight into the individual story of the analysed Dutch Moroccan artists: Appa and Salah Edin.Show less
