Numerous lifestyle, cardiovascular, and psychosocial factors have been implicated in the development of cognitive decline and dementia. Using a person-centered approach, this study explored...Show moreNumerous lifestyle, cardiovascular, and psychosocial factors have been implicated in the development of cognitive decline and dementia. Using a person-centered approach, this study explored clustering of modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia and investigated how these clusters are associated with declines in cognition and with dementia risk. Here, cognitive decline was operationalized as declining information processing speed. The sample consisted of 3787 older adults (age 55-85) enrolled in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Latent class analysis was performed over a subset of 14 lifestyle, cardiovascular, and psychosocial risk factors to identify latent subgroups. Latent growth curve modelling associated membership in identified subgroups with trajectories of processing speed. Logistic regression associated group membership with incidence of probable dementia (n=2611). A four-class solution was deemed to optimally represent the sample. Next to a large group with no specific salient features (n=845, 75.1%), other groups reflected pronounced depressive symptoms (n=324, 8.6%), cardiometabolic risk (n=410, 10.8%), and high physical activity (n=208, 5.5%), respectively. Latent growth curve modeling suggested that declines in processing speed accelerated with age, but latent class membership did not seem to affect these declines. Compared to the normative group, the depressed group had lower initial levels of processing speed (β_intercept=-2.38; 95% CI=[-3.38, -1.37]; p<.001), but further trajectory differences between latent classes were not statistically significant at α=5%. No significant differences in odds of probable dementia between the normative and other groups were found. Thus, this study did not find evidence of an effect of membership in identified latent classes on the strength or rate of cognitive decline, nor dementia. To draw implications for clinical and political decision-making, future research could test the robustness of findings by replicating analyses in similar cohorts, examine the utility of other grouping structures, consider inclusion of alternative risk factors, and investigate auxiliary outcome measures of cognitive decline and dementia.Show less
This study aims to identify the relationship between processing speed and social functioning in patients with a psychotic disorder and examine whether Theory of Mind mediates this relationship. The...Show moreThis study aims to identify the relationship between processing speed and social functioning in patients with a psychotic disorder and examine whether Theory of Mind mediates this relationship. The sample consisted of 323 participants, diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. Social functioning was assessed with The World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Scale II (WHO-DAS II). The outcome measure used for measuring processing speed is symbol coding. Theory of Mind was assessed using the hinting task. The sample had a relatively low symptom severity (M = 1.97, SD = 0.8). The average score for social functioning was 28.4 (SD = 9.6). A linear regression analysis showed a non-significant relationship between processing speed and social functioning (β = .019, p = .774). The mediation analysis showed that the total effect of processing speed on Theory of Mind was significant (β = .196, p =.004). The indirect effect of Theory of Mind on social functioning was not significant (β = .057, p =.335). The direct effect of processing speed on social functioning (c’) was not significant (β = .008, p =.906). Our findings suggest that slower processing speed is not associated with worse social functioning. There was no mediation effect found by Theory of Mind. However, slower processing speed was found to be associated with a worse Theory of Mind. Future research should consider other cognitive processes that impact social functioning.Show less
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects an estimate of 2.8 million people worldwide. Fatigue, impairments in processing speed, and depression are...Show moreMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects an estimate of 2.8 million people worldwide. Fatigue, impairments in processing speed, and depression are common symptoms reported by People with MS (PwMS). However, the relationship between these symptoms is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate this relationship and examine the (in)stability of fatigue levels over time in PwMS. The study utilized a longitudinal, retrospective cohort design and included participants diagnosed with MS (n= 141) who attended a specialized clinic in Overpelt, Belgium. Seventy-three percent of the sample was female, with a mean age of 51.88 (SD ±13.46). The average disease duration was of 16.94 years (SD ± 8.86), and a majority of the sample had the relapsing-remitting type of MS (RRMS) (n= 43). The median of disease severity, as measured by the EDSS, was of 3.50 (IQR – 3.5). The study hypothesized that fatigue levels would increase over time and that depression would moderate the relationship between fatigue and processing speed. Fatigue levels did not significantly change over time (p = 0.055). A significant relationship was found between fatigue and processing speed impairment (p < 0.05). However, depression did not significantly moderate this relationship (p = 0.215). These findings show that cognitive symptoms may influence each other in MS. Future research should look into the relationship of mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression, and cognitive impairment in PwMS.Show less
