The sustainability development challenge has caused an abrupt rise in the demand for rare earth elements (REEs) in recent years, as these minerals are critical for the production of low-carbon...Show moreThe sustainability development challenge has caused an abrupt rise in the demand for rare earth elements (REEs) in recent years, as these minerals are critical for the production of low-carbon technologies that enable this green transition (e.g., magnet-based turbines, PV solar cells, electric and hybrid vehicles, phosphors for energy-efficient lighting). The REEs is a group of 17 elements listed as Critical Raw Materials by the European Commission, based on their economic importance and their supply risk. In fact, China virtually produces and refines all these minerals worldwide, as well as supplies the EU. This has caused a dangerous relationship of dependency which has raised recent academic concern over the potential geopolitical, environmental, and economic challenges that for both regions might face surrounding REEs in the near future. To what extent might such concern become a reality? This paper will explore current production, supply and demand trends of REEs and analyze the potential recycling and fabrication alternatives that facilitate a sustainable development free from economic and geopolitical disputes over REEs.Show less
