Outgroup helping serves various strategic motives, for example to communicate ingroup warmth and competence. However, unsolicited help is not always beneficial for the recipient, as it could cause...Show moreOutgroup helping serves various strategic motives, for example to communicate ingroup warmth and competence. However, unsolicited help is not always beneficial for the recipient, as it could cause feelings of inferiority and incompetence. Furthermore, it is not always judged positively by third party observers. This study investigated how third party observers judge outgroup helping with a motive to appear either moral or social. Based on literature on moral hypocrisy and tainted altruism, it was expected that help providers with a strategic motive to appear moral would be judged more negatively compared to help providers with a strategic motive to appear social. A scenario experiment was conducted, in which participants (N = 209) read a scenario in which the motive to offer help (e.g. to appear moral or social) and whether this was in line with whom they really are (reality congruence) was manipulated. The results confirmed that participants judged the help providers more negatively when the motive to provide help was incongruent with how they really are. However, unexpectedly, help providers who helped an outgroup in order to present themselves as being moral, were not judged more negatively compared to help providers who helped outgroup members in order to appear social. These results are at odds with literature on moral hypocrisy, which describes that it would be perceived as hypocrite when one would lie about being moral, because morality comprises traits such as honesty and integrity. The results suggest that morality and sociability are not as independent as previously thought.Show less
This experimental study examines the effects of social value orientation and accountability on the choices made in a volunteer’s dilemma. This is a dilemma in which at least one person must...Show moreThis experimental study examines the effects of social value orientation and accountability on the choices made in a volunteer’s dilemma. This is a dilemma in which at least one person must sacrifice their time and effort for everyone to have the benefits. In the experiment I used 156 participants (N = 156). 88 of them were men. The participants in this study were divided in groups of three before being presented with the volunteer’s dilemma. A logistic regression analysis showed that being prosocial did not have a significant influence on participants’ choice to volunteer and that being held accountable for this choice did not either. This outcome is different from what would be expected based on existing literature. At the end of this thesis, theoretical and practical implications are discussed and suggestions for follow-up research are considered.Show less
In this paper we extended the work of Makel et al. (2012) by finding the replication rate for the years 2012 till 2020. We found a replication rate of 1.39%. Compared to the 1.07% replication rate...Show moreIn this paper we extended the work of Makel et al. (2012) by finding the replication rate for the years 2012 till 2020. We found a replication rate of 1.39%. Compared to the 1.07% replication rate found by Makel et al. (2012) this is roughly 0.22% higher, which is roughly a 30% increase. This is a smaller increase than what we had hoped to find after the release of their paper and the expected effects of this release. With this we can conclude that the research community still undervalues the creation of replication papers. This finding implicates the importance of figuring out what is keeping researchers from performing replications. In the rest of this study we’ve made a head start at answering the question of why this might be the case. We expected to find that researchers undervalue replications due to them having too little impact on the scientific success of papers. We measured this by comparing the Mean Normalized Citation Scores (MNCS) of papers, depending on the type of replication they received and the success rate of the replication, to the average MNCS of papers. We found no significant differences for papers that received direct successful, direct unsuccessful and failed conceptual replications. We found significantly lower MNCS for papers that received successful conceptual replications. The effects of conceptual replications were inverted to our expectations. This is something that needs further attention in future research. Finally we also looked at if direct replications had more impact on the MNCS of original papers than conceptual replications. We did not find a significant difference in effects, but our findings of this are inconclusive due to the inverted relation of conceptual replications and the MNCS of their original papers. Our results show that replication studies do not appear to be significantly impacting the success level of their original papers (except for successful conceptual replications). The insignificant impact of replications papers may therefore play a role in the undervaluation of replications in the scientific research community. We invite other researchers to further explore the reasons for the undervaluation. Hopefully, by this, we will rather sooner than later get to a world with reliable and validated research.Show less
This study examines the factors that influence the job hopefulness and job search intentions of job seekers with a disability and/or health impairment. Perceived labour market discrimination,...Show moreThis study examines the factors that influence the job hopefulness and job search intentions of job seekers with a disability and/or health impairment. Perceived labour market discrimination, occupational self-efficacy (OCSE) and coping (preparation and raising awareness) are taken into account. The online cross-sectional survey was distributed through organisations and Academic Prolific, resulting in both Dutch and native English-speaking participants, with different types of disabilities and health-impairments (N = 169). A multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived labour market discrimination did not relate to OCSE beyond control variables (age, job status). A mediation analysis found that perceived labour market discrimination related directly and negatively to job hopefulness, without mediation by OCSE. Another multiple regression analysis found that OCSE related directly and positively to job hopefulness beyond control variables (age, handicap visibility). A subsequent mediation analysis found a positive direct effect of OCSE on job search, but this was not mediated by job hopefulness. Lastly, moderation analyses showed no significant moderation by either of the coping styles on the relationship between perceived labour market discrimination and OCSE. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations and suggestions for further research, are also discussed.Show less
How are effects of social motive affected by asymmetric power dispersion in a three-person negotiation, and does this effect differ between groups of friends and strangers? It was hypothesized that...Show moreHow are effects of social motive affected by asymmetric power dispersion in a three-person negotiation, and does this effect differ between groups of friends and strangers? It was hypothesized that pro-social groups would reach the highest joint outcomes with a leader operating under an unanimity decision rule, followed by groups with a dictator, followed groups without a boss. A pro-self group with a dictator was thought to reach the lowest joint outcomes, followed by one with a leader, followed one without a boss. It was furthermore hypothesized that the effects of a pro-self motive would be stronger in a group of strangers, and the effects of a pro-social motive were thought to be stronger in a group of friends. Results of the three-person Aloha Beach Club negotiation game supported only the hypotheses about the amplifying effect of power differences on social motive.Show less
In this study we were interested in seeing what factors influence whether people share videos of a misfortune online. Previous research has pointed out a relationship between schadenfreude, sharing...Show moreIn this study we were interested in seeing what factors influence whether people share videos of a misfortune online. Previous research has pointed out a relationship between schadenfreude, sharing, deservingness and envy and explored the link between social stereotyping and scha- denfreude. Therefore, the present study (N= 150) explored whether the two dimensions of the Stereotype Content Model, warmth and competence have an effect on schadenfreude and whether schadenfreude is related to sharing videos. We also tested whether competence and warmth are related to schadenfreude through envy, deservingness, and expectancy. Results showed that schadenfreude is related to sharing videos. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that high competence and low warmth elicit schadenfreude. Additionally, unlike we anticipated competence and warmth did not lead to deservingness and envy. However, a main effect of high competence on expectancy was found which states that perceiving a person as highly competent leads to more expectancy of their misfortune. Finally, this research concludes that people find it pleasing when highly competent and cold individuals go through a bad experi- ence, and this increases their willingness to share their schadenfreude with others.Show less
This study used a social identity approach to examine how non-profit organizations (NPOs) may motivate people that have different identity characteristics than their existing volunteers to become a...Show moreThis study used a social identity approach to examine how non-profit organizations (NPOs) may motivate people that have different identity characteristics than their existing volunteers to become a new volunteer for the organization. It was proposed that for this target group recruitment messages of NPOs that address positive social identity characteristics would instill feelings of anticipated respect and organizational trust, and via these mediators would increase willingness to become a volunteer, positive word of mouth, and organizational attractiveness. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a study with a 4-cell between-subjects experimental design (organizational morality, organizational warmth, communications about the social identity value vs. control condition). Our sample consisted of members of the general public, recruited through Academic Prolific, that were visibly different from the volunteers of the organization presented (N = 184). Analysis of variance first showed that the manipulations of organizational warmth and communications about social identity value were successful, while the manipulation of organizational morality didn’t work. Further, analysis of variance revealed that perceptions of organizational warmth lead to organizational trust and anticipated respect, while communications about social identity value only triggered feelings of anticipated respect. Mediation regression analysis showed that recruitment messages underlining organizational warmth lead to organizational attractiveness perceptions via both mediators, and lead to positive word of mouth through organizational trust. Communications about social identity value lead to positive word of mouth via anticipated respect. No indirect link between positive characteristics and willingness to become a volunteer was found. Theoretical and practical contributions, limitations, and suggestions for new research are discussed.Show less
This research addresses the willingness to join a nonprofit organization as a volunteer of people who perceive that their social identity is different from the social identity of the current...Show moreThis research addresses the willingness to join a nonprofit organization as a volunteer of people who perceive that their social identity is different from the social identity of the current volunteers of the organization. Specifically, a social identity approach was applied, and it was predicted that for non-volunteers who have atypical social identities the organizational warmth, organizational morality, and organizational communications about the value of social identity, would influence the motivation to join the non-profit organization through psychological safety and organizational trust as mediators. The online research, for which non-volunteers who have atypical social identities were recruited as research participants via the Academic Prolific Online Platform (n = 184), had a 4-cell between subjects’ experimental design (organizational warmth, organizational morality, communications of social identity value versus ‘Wikipedia information’ control condition). The participants were presented the US Fire Brigade as type of non-profit organization, were thereafter randomly allocated across the experimental conditions, and subsequently completed a questionnaire that recorded the variables of the research. The data was analyzed using one-way ANOVAs and multiple mediating regressions analyses. ANOVAs showed that the manipulations of organizational warmth and the organizational communications about the value of social identity were successful, but also that the manipulation of organizational morality was not successful. Subsequently, a one-way ANOVA showed that organizational warmth and the organizational communications about the value of social identity instilled trust in the organization and sense of psychological safety in the participants. Thereafter, mediation regression analyses showed that organizational warmth and organizational communications about social identity value related significantly and indirectly related to the motivation to join the non-profit organization as a volunteer through organizational trust and sense of psychological safety. The implications, limitations, and suggestions for further research, of the study are discussed.Show less
Human Factor research in automation suggests that trust strongly affects how drivers interact with Level 2 technology. Understanding its capabilities and limitations is important for calibrating...Show moreHuman Factor research in automation suggests that trust strongly affects how drivers interact with Level 2 technology. Understanding its capabilities and limitations is important for calibrating trust and overall safety on the roads. In the present study we examined how drivers’ self-reported trust develops before having had experience (pre-test), immediately after having had experience (post-test), and five to seven days after having had experience (follow-up) with a Level 2 (Partial Automation) vehicle in a driving simulator. Additionally, we investigated the possibility for video procedure effect on self-reported trust. Results were against our expectations and showed that self-reported trust decreased after having had more experience with the Level 2 (Partial Automation) vehicle and different for each of the two videos. This study also investigated the role of sense of presence in a simulated driving experience. Analysis of the results and drivers’ feedback showed that generally low scores on sense of presence could be possibly explained for by the lack of involvement and predictability.Show less
The social dilemma called the anticommons dilemma represents a context in which a scarce resource has multiple owners who can exclude one another from harvesting from that resource. Not much...Show moreThe social dilemma called the anticommons dilemma represents a context in which a scarce resource has multiple owners who can exclude one another from harvesting from that resource. Not much attention has been paid to factors that lead to non-cooperative decisions in this context. Consequently, the present study investigates how the salience of collective consequences (externalities awareness) influences (non-)cooperative choice behavior in people differing in social value orientations (SVO). After SVO was measured and one of the two externalities awareness conditions was presented, the participants (N = 168) had to indicate a minimum price to give a co-owner access to the resource (WTA) in a modified anticommons paradigm. It was expected that when externalities were made salient individuals would display higher levels of cooperation, by indicating lower WTA’s, compared to when externalities were not made salient. Moreover, it was expected that when externalities were not made salient prosocials would display higher levels of cooperation than proselfs, whereas when externalities were made salient this difference would be smaller. Although the effect of externalities awareness and the interaction effect of this factor with SVO was non-significant, exploratory analyses indicated severe underuse of the common resource. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
Rules regulate society as they help to predict social interactions. Groups, however, do not always abide by rules. Instead, they break them when the conditions are right. Here we hypothesized that...Show moreRules regulate society as they help to predict social interactions. Groups, however, do not always abide by rules. Instead, they break them when the conditions are right. Here we hypothesized that rule abidance behavior is determined by a) an individual choosing another for mutual benefit based on their reputation and b) the social-environmental incentives like fairness and dishonesty. We had three participants building a reputation for their willingness to abide by or break rules. A fourth participant used that information to choose one to three participants, then played several rounds of a dictator game and a die-roll task. Participants were chosen more often when their reputation was in line with environmental incentives, where merely transitioning from one environment to another strengthened that effect. Regulators should therefore ensure the consistency and kinds of environmental incentives that individuals in power positions face across environments for controlling resulting rule abidance behavior.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
Previous research investigating the factors that shape a person’s degree of intergroup prejudice has focused primarily on relatively high level ideological and personality traits. In a largely...Show morePrevious research investigating the factors that shape a person’s degree of intergroup prejudice has focused primarily on relatively high level ideological and personality traits. In a largely separate body of work, psychophysiological predispositions towards threat sensitivity have been linked to ideological constructs. The current work integrates these two bodies of work by introducing a novel approach to measure implicit threat sensitivity and (theoretically) linking it to intergroup prejudice. Specifically, it was investigated whether individual differences in cognitively assessed sensitivity to threatening information were associated with a greater degree of implicit bias and explicit prejudice towards a stereotypically threatening minority-group (i.e., Muslims). While results did not support a relationship between threat sensitivity and intergroup prejudice, exploratory data, as well as limitations and implications of the current work, encourage future research.Show less
Previous research suggests that both observability and dependence (having a reliant other subgroup in a collective) are influential factors, in promoting prosocial behaviour in social dilemmas....Show morePrevious research suggests that both observability and dependence (having a reliant other subgroup in a collective) are influential factors, in promoting prosocial behaviour in social dilemmas. This study explores the influence of observability, dependence and a combination of both, on volunteering within the Volunteer’s Dilemma (VoD). It was hypothesized that observation and dependence would increase volunteering, with the combination of both factors being the most effective in increasing volunteering. For the dependence conditions, it was further hypothesized, based on previous research, that participants would identify more with a superordinate identity, and that this would correlate with increased volunteering. However, both the observability and dependence conditions did not significantly increase volunteering behaviour, when compared to a control, whilst the observability & dependence condition had a negative correlation with volunteering. Participants also identified more with the subordinate identity, which was found to be significantly negatively correlated to volunteeringShow less
‘Perceived psychological contract violation’ refers to the idea of members of organizations that the organization does not meet their expectations, and is predicted to have negative consequences...Show more‘Perceived psychological contract violation’ refers to the idea of members of organizations that the organization does not meet their expectations, and is predicted to have negative consequences for organizations. Accordingly, this study examined among financial donors of charitable organizations a) whether violation of the psychological contract undermines the willingness to donate money to the charitable organization, and b) the psychological processes that may make financial donors perceive a violation of the psychological contract. The research participants were members of the Amazon Mechanical Turk online platform who adopted the role of financial donor (n = 91). The research had a consecutive 1X2 experimental design. Specifically, the participants were first randomly allocated across the experimental condition about investment of the organization in helping its clientele and sustaining the relationship with donors (high/low). Thereafter, those participants who had been assigned to the ‘low investment condition’ were randomly allocated across an experimental condition about justification for the low investment (yes/no). As predicted, ANOVAs showed that financial donors who were presented information about low investment of the organization in helping its clientele and sustaining the relationship with donors reported the least perceived organizational reciprocity, integrity, and transparency. A second ANOVA indicated that for the participants allocated to the ‘low direct investment’-condition, the justification for the low investment did not influence perceived organizational reciprocity, integrity or transparency. Further, moderation regression analysis showed that the trust of financial donors in the charity does not weaken the negative effects of low investment on perceived organizational reciprocity, integrity or transparency. Finally, regression analyses showed that among financial donors, perceived non-reciprocity and non-integrity of the organization instill perceived psychological contract violation as a predictor of willingness to donate, negative word-of-mouth, and perceived organizational prestige. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and suggestions for new research are discussed.Show less
If we know what contributes to a better relationship quality, we have the opportunity to improve our relationships. The aim of this study was to find an effect of listening technique on...Show moreIf we know what contributes to a better relationship quality, we have the opportunity to improve our relationships. The aim of this study was to find an effect of listening technique on relationship quality and to uncover if this relationship is moderated by confidence. The 60 participants were randomly assigned to listening technique conditions. Either an active, neutral, or argumentative listening technique was applied. Discussions within each condition were held by a confederate via Skype. Unexpectedly, confidence had no effect on the effect of listening technique on relationship quality. Excitingly, in this study active- and argumentative listening led to better relationship quality in comparison to neutral listening. If implemented properly, listening techniques could have a positive effect on how you are perceived by othersShow less
