Social settings can influence someone’s decision to perform small transgressions. Through conducting an online experiment it was researched what the effect of different bystanders was on the...Show moreSocial settings can influence someone’s decision to perform small transgressions. Through conducting an online experiment it was researched what the effect of different bystanders was on the cheating behavior of an individual. The study had a between subjects design and an ingroup bystanders, an outgroup bystanders and a no bystanders condition. Gender was used as variable to create an ingroup or outgroup condition. Even though the manipulation check failed, the results showed that individuals are more likely to cheat with no bystanders than with ingroup bystanders. However, this was not the case when the no-bystander condition was compared to the outgroup condition. Individuals were also not more likely to cheat when bystanders were part of their ingroup compared to when bystanders were part of their outgroup. For future experiments it is recommended to enhance the feeling of being part of the ingroup or outgroup by making this more salient and to control the setting in which a participant is conducting the online experiment.Show less
Although the bystander effect has been subject to extensive research, consequences for victims are unknown. The current study examines the psychological consequences for victims of undesired...Show moreAlthough the bystander effect has been subject to extensive research, consequences for victims are unknown. The current study examines the psychological consequences for victims of undesired behavior at work when passive bystanders are present. In our retrospective study, we assessed cognitions, fulfillment of needs, and emotions (PANAS) after participants’ previous experiences of undesired behavior at work. We expected victims who were in presence of passive bystanders to blame their selves more, and to blame the perpetrator less, comparing to victims in presence of active bystanders. Also, we expected them to experience more negative emotions, and their needs to be less fulfilled. As expected, victims who were in presence of active bystanders felt a higher need to belong, and for meaningful existence. However, other expectations were not supported. Our results support the idea that passive behavior of bystanders in a situation of undesired behavior raises a feeling of social exclusion, which suggests a parallel to ostracism.Show less
Background. Children who exhibit externalizing problem behaviour are at high risk of becoming involved in the criminal justice system. Insights into factors that may influence the development of...Show moreBackground. Children who exhibit externalizing problem behaviour are at high risk of becoming involved in the criminal justice system. Insights into factors that may influence the development of externalizing problem behaviour in children can prevent negative consequences of this behaviour later in life. Significantly better performance intelligence than verbal intelligence (PIQ > VIQ discrepancies) and impairments in social cognition are hypothesized to underlie excessive externalizing problem behaviour. Methods. Participants were 5- to 16-year-old children at high risk of developing criminal behaviour (N = 97, 12.4% with a PIQ > VIQ discrepancy). Children were recruited through an early identification project and selected based on borderline and clinical scores on the Teacher’s Report Form (TRF). Data was collected using the TRF, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and ‘Sociaal Cognitieve Vaardigheden Test’. Results. The results on the Independent Samples T-tests showed that children with a PIQ > VIQ discrepancy do not differ from children with a VIQ > PIQ discrepancy in the amount of externalizing problem behaviour and social cognition. Additionally, the regression analysis found that social cognition was not a significant predictor of externalizing problem behaviour, regardless of the type of discrepancy. Conclusion. In general, children with externalizing problem behaviour have a below average intelligence, regardless of their intelligence profile. Furthermore, VIQ-PIQ discrepancies are unrelated to externalizing problem behaviour and social cognition and therefore psychologists should be hesitant in assuming such a relationship in diagnostic practices. Moreover, no relationship was found between social cognition and externalizing problem behaviour in these children. It is recommended to leave the influence of discrepancies out of consideration in young children and to investigate whether or not specific aspects of both verbal comprehension abilities and visual-spatial information processing skills are associated with externalizing problem behaviour and social cognition in children at risk of developing criminal behaviour.Show less
Introductie: Mensen met kanker kunnen gedurende hun ziekbed in een stadium komen waarin ze niet meer te behandelen zijn. Door de zorgverlener wordt aan de patiënt en zijn of haar naasten...Show moreIntroductie: Mensen met kanker kunnen gedurende hun ziekbed in een stadium komen waarin ze niet meer te behandelen zijn. Door de zorgverlener wordt aan de patiënt en zijn of haar naasten informatiegegeven over de prognose van de patiënt. Tot op heden is er weinig onderzoek gedaan naar de manier waarop naasten informatie willen ontvangen over de prognose van de patiënt. Het doel van het onderzoek is om te kijken of de leeftijd van de naasten een invloed heeft op de hoeveelheid informatie die wenselijk is. Eerder onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat jongere patiënten meer informatie willen over de prognose dan oudere patiënten. De verwachting is dat jongere naasten meer informatie willen ontvangen over de prognose dan oudere naasten. Methode: Respondenten werden benaderd via sociale media en patiënt organisaties. Met behulp van vragenlijsten werden naasten van patiënten met een ongeneeslijke vorm van kanker onderzocht. De statistische analyse werd uitgevoerd met behulp van SPSS. Resultaten: éénenveertig respondenten werden geïncludeerd in het onderzoek. Uit het onderzoek bleek dat er geen significant verschil zat tussen de twee leeftijdsgroepen en de hoeveelheid informatie over de prognose die wenselijk was. Conclusie: meer onderzoek naar de naasten over de hoeveelheid informatie over de prognose die wenselijk is bij ongeneeslijk zieken patiënten kan een meer personaliseerde aanpak geven, ten gunste van de naasten.Show less
Aggressive behavior among children is one of the biggest problems in the Netherlands, because of the possible long-term consequences for child and society. At the same time, raising children to...Show moreAggressive behavior among children is one of the biggest problems in the Netherlands, because of the possible long-term consequences for child and society. At the same time, raising children to successfully participate in society can be quite a challenge for future mothers. This is why the main focus of the current research was to examine the relationship of two parental factors: parental self-efficacy and social support, and the child factor: the degree of aggression in children. The participants of this study were 204 future mothers (M age= 22.54 years, SD= 2.25) and their children (M age= 20.25 months, SD= 1.67). The future mothers filled in two questionnaires about their perceived social support and their parental self-efficacy. Once their child was aged 20 months, the mother filled in a questionnaire about the degree of aggression observed in their children. The results show that parental self-efficacy, in contrary to social support, is an important predictor for aggression in children aged 20 months. The perceived social support is not, separate or combined with parental self-efficacy, a predictor for aggression. This concludes the importance of supporting future mothers in their route to parenthood. It will be of great importance to increase the parental self-efficacy and through that contribute to the well-being of mothers, children and society. Future research could help this goal by examining the effectiveness of a variety of intervention on the parental self-efficacy.Show less
This paper examines online newspaper articles related to the Covid-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, in order to analyse how the political affiliation of said newspapers influence which frames...Show moreThis paper examines online newspaper articles related to the Covid-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, in order to analyse how the political affiliation of said newspapers influence which frames they choose to employ. Drawing on framing theory, this thesis analyses 50 articles that were published by a conservative newspaper and 50 articles that were published by a liberal newspaper. The data consists of 100 articles that were published by The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph between 1 January 2020 and 1 March 2022. Content analysis is used to identify the different frames, such as economic or health-related frames, in order to establish a connection between certain frames and the political affiliation of the paper. Furthermore does this paper aim to assess the media’s role in the policy cycle. The main findings of this paper were that 44% of the analysed articles use the Health Risk Frame while 24% used the Economic Frame and 32% used neither. The Health Risk Frame was used more often by the liberal Guardian (29 times) and The Economic Frame was used more often by the conservative Telegraph (13 times). Additionally, these findings suggest that media framing can play a crucial role in the agenda-setting and evaluation part of the policy cycleShow less
Health care professionals are crucial in providing palliative care for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. These patients are referred less often to palliative care services than...Show moreHealth care professionals are crucial in providing palliative care for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. These patients are referred less often to palliative care services than patients with other terminal diseases. Health care professionals are often reluctant to initiate palliative care as they are unsure whether they can implement it adequately. Few studies have looked at the effect of a palliative care training on the level of self-efficacy of the health care professionals. This study investigated whether an intervention with the use of simulations can increase the level of self-efficacy regarding the palliative care they provide. Additionally, the effect of self-efficacy on palliative care measures, such as the amount and duration of advanced care planning conversations with patients, and the amount of collaboration and consultation with other health care professionals was investigated. This study was a randomised cluster-controlled trial that applied a hybrid design type 2 which took part in eight hospital regions around The Netherlands. Four of the hospital regions were in the control group and four were in the intervention group. In total, 93 doctors, nurses, and palliative care consultants participated. The intervention consisted of two evening courses with information about palliative care and simulations with actors so that conversations with patients could be practiced. Additionally, a tool for recognising when palliative care needs to be initiated was offered, and extra meetings with their project managers to see if palliative care was implemented as intended. Self-efficacy was measured with the End-of-Life Professional Caregiver Survey at three time points, before intervention, five months after the interventions, and fifteen months after the intervention. An unstructured multilevel mixed model showed an increase of self-efficacy over Time for both the intervention and control group (p < .001) and an interaction between Group and Time (p < .001) indicating that the intervention group had a greater increase of self-efficacy over time compared to the control group. A Spearman Rho test showed that self-efficacy is correlated with the amount of advanced care planning conversations that are held with the patient (ρ(80) = .31, p = .004). Additionally, a Pearson correlation showed that self-efficacy is correlated with the amount of collaboration with other health care professionals (r(81) = .32, p = .003). No significant correlation was found between the level of self-efficacy and the duration of the advanced care planning conversations and the number of consultations with other health care professionals. Thus, this intervention was successful in increasing self-efficacy of health care professionals over time and that self-efficacy is correlated with some of the identified palliative care measures. A palliative care intervention can help health care professionals to feel more confident about their skills and offer better care to patients with COPD.Show less
The present study examined the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and pro-social behaviour in children and analysed the role of parent and child gender in this. A total of 238 children...Show moreThe present study examined the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and pro-social behaviour in children and analysed the role of parent and child gender in this. A total of 238 children participated in the Pro-social Cyberball Game, which is an experimental task to measure pro-social behaviour. Their primary parents completed the Parenting Scale, a questionnaire to assess use of dysfunctional parenting practices. A general linear model was performed. Differences in pro-social behaviour between boys and girls were examined and no significant difference was found. Contrary to our hypothesis which stated that more dysfunctional parenting would be related to less pro-social children, results were not significant. We examined this effect in several groups: comparing primary parents who are male to those who are female, and comparing families where primary parent and child belong to the same gender (same-gender dyads) to families where primary parent and child were of opposite gender (mixed-gender dyads). In our sample there was no difference in the way a parent influences his/her child’s pro-social behaviour, between mothers and fathers. Also, there was no difference in the effect of dysfunctional parenting on child’s pro-social behaviour, between same-gender and mixed-gender dyads. The present study contributes to clarifying alleged boy-girl and father-mother differences in pro-social behaviour and the effect of dysfunctional parenting on pro-sociality. The discussion reviewed the influence of gender norms in parenting and child behaviour and implications of these results.Show less
Men and women may cognitively construe power differently, i.e., either as an opportunity or a responsibility. In the current research, we explore the influence of gender identity and conformity on...Show moreMen and women may cognitively construe power differently, i.e., either as an opportunity or a responsibility. In the current research, we explore the influence of gender identity and conformity on power construal. To study these hypotheses, 402 participants were primed with having low power or high power using a recall task; subsequently the different meanings of power (responsibility and opportunity) were measured. Results indicate that the high power condition significantly increased the perception of both opportunities and responsibilities. Sex and conformity did not influence power construal while a more feminine gender identity was significantly related to the perception of responsibilities. Future studies could possibly look into how the findings of the current study fit in with the previously recorded findings, since there seems to be some discrepancy between the findings.Show less
Verbal parental transmission of threat information about strangers may influence fear beliefs and avoidance responses in children. Earlier studies showed that sharing threat information with...Show moreVerbal parental transmission of threat information about strangers may influence fear beliefs and avoidance responses in children. Earlier studies showed that sharing threat information with children caused higher levels in fear beliefs and higher avoidance responses compared to when safe information was shared. There is proof that fearful temperament/behavioral inhibition (BI), moderate the relation between children receiving threat information and scoring higher on fear beliefs and avoidance responses. In this study, parents provided threat and safe information about two strangers to their children (N = 72, Mage = 11.67). Following the manipulation, children went through three social tasks twice with each of the strangers and reported fear beliefs in a questionnaire for each stranger. Avoidance behavior was observed in the social tasks. Fearful temperament was used as an individual difference predictor and was measured by the Early Adult Temperament Questionnaire. Verbal transmission of threat information was linked to higher fear belief scores compared to safe information. Verbal transmission of threat information was not linked to higher avoidance behavior responses. The fear beliefs outcomes and the behavioral responses were not affected by fearful temperament. This study only found proof that verbal parental transmission of threat information about strangers increased children’s’ fear beliefs and may increase the risks of developing SAD. This study has his strengths and limitations regarding the procedure and chosen measurements, but hopefully gives new inspiration to new or follow-up research about verbal parental transmission of threat information about strangers and the effects on children.Show less
The aim of this study was to investigate which socio-demographic, prenatal and perinatal factors predict the language development of adolescents with Coffin Siris Syndrome, which has been...Show moreThe aim of this study was to investigate which socio-demographic, prenatal and perinatal factors predict the language development of adolescents with Coffin Siris Syndrome, which has been associated with a language delay. Various specific factors were examined in relation to verbal ability (language), including gender, maternal substance use, parental educational level, birth complications and gestational age. A total of 34 participants took part in this study. 50% female and 50% male, with a mean age of 18.26 (SD = 11.80). The participants were part of a patient database at the Leiden University Medical Center. To measure the language level of the adolescents with the parents filled in a questionnaire with 7 questions about the developmental domain of language. In this questionnaire the gender, the mother's substance use, the education level of the parents, the birth complications and the gestational age were also assessed based on 16 questions. Independent t-tests were performed to find out the differences in language level between boys and girls, substance use and no substance use, highly and poorly educated parents and whether birth complications are involved. A single regression was performed to find out whether gestational age affected language level. Finally, a multiple regression was performed to determine which factor was the strongest predictor for language level. The independent t-tests show that there is no significant difference between the language level of the boys and the language level of the girls. Second, there is no significant difference between the language level of the adolescents of the mothers with substance use and adolescents of the mothers without substance use. There is also no significant difference between the language level of adolescents of low and highly educated parents. Furthermore, there is no significant difference between the language level of adolescents with birth complications and without birth complications. Finally, simple regression showed that gestational age is not a significant predictor for language level. Due to the absence of significant differences, the multiple regression was not performed. Overall, gender, maternal substance uses during pregnancy, parental education, birth complications, and gestational age do not affect language development in adolescents with CSS. The factors do not predict the language level of the adolescents with CSS. For follow-up research, the inclusion of a well-matched control group would improve the study. It is then examined whether the adolescents with CSS deviate in linguistic development. Furthermore, the addition of a standardized instrument, such as the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, could provide predictive factors. Finally, the application of continuous variables or another classification in low-high can also make a positive contribution to the predictive value of the various factors.Show less
Background Worldwide, problem drinking is a leading risk factor for disease burden and mortality. To reduce this burden, effective interventions are required. Mobile phone-based alcohol...Show moreBackground Worldwide, problem drinking is a leading risk factor for disease burden and mortality. To reduce this burden, effective interventions are required. Mobile phone-based alcohol interventions show promise due to their ease of use and scalability. However, there is limited knowledge regarding their overall effectiveness. As it is a rapidly developing field, this meta-analysis captures the current state of evidence. Mobile phone-based alcohol interventions are expected to be more effective than control groups with minimal or no intervention. Methods A systematic literature search and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. In April 2022 the databases PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched to identify eligible studies. The search focused on publications between 2010 and 2022, without language restrictions. Randomised controlled trials comparing mobile phone-based interventions with minimal or no intervention control conditions were included. Studies with interventions tailored to students and pregnant women were excluded. Outcome data were extracted and the pooled effect size was calculated with a random effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and quality of evidence with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results Five studies with 1672 participants were included and revealed a combined small effect size (Hedges’ g = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.21]), which was insignificant (p = .19). Intervention duration and mode of delivery did not have a significant moderating effect on the outcome. Between-study heterogeneity was high and influence analyses revealed one study potentially overly contributing to the heterogeneity. There was no evidence of publication bias. Risk of bias was considered to be high for each study and the overall quality of evidence was judged to be low. Conclusion The current study found no support for the efficacy of mobile phone-based alcohol intervention compared to minimal or no intervention control groups to reduce adult problem drinking. These results should be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of studies and concerns regarding the quality of evidence. Future researchers should consider using a standard set of outcome measures to make findings in this area more comparable.Show less
In level 3 automated vehicles, drivers are not required to pay attention to the road but are still expected to respond quickly to a Take Over Request (TOR) in unexpected conditions. As this...Show moreIn level 3 automated vehicles, drivers are not required to pay attention to the road but are still expected to respond quickly to a Take Over Request (TOR) in unexpected conditions. As this presents a danger to road safety, exploring design solutions for the TOR is imperative. Research has shown that reaction times can be made faster by manipulating the perceived ownership of an avatar by making it glow in synchrony with a participant’s physiology. Interestingly, this effect was increased for those with high empathy. We investigated whether this manipulation could be used to reduce reaction times to a TOR. Furthermore, we investigated whether reaction times would decrease more in those with high empathy and whether the manipulation would increase perceived ownership of the vehicle, as measured by a self-identification questionnaire. Participants were in a driving simulation in virtual reality, where ambient lighting pulsed around them in synchrony with their breathing. Unfortunately, the results found did not support our hypothesis. There was not enough evidence to conclude that visuo-respiratory synchronization facilitates faster responses to a TOR in a Level 3 automated vehicle. In line with these results, we did not find evidence of self-identification with the vehicle after visuo-respiratory synchronization. However, we found promising results about the relationship between empathy and reaction times during visuo-respiratory synchronization. A post hoc analysis revealed a clear negative relationship. As empathy increased, reaction times to the TOR decreased, indicating that the effect of our manipulation increased as empathy got higher.Show less
Recent research by Sharon et al. (2020) indicated an activating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on the locus coreleus noradrenergic (LC-NA) system. Given the...Show moreRecent research by Sharon et al. (2020) indicated an activating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on the locus coreleus noradrenergic (LC-NA) system. Given the mixed findings of previous research, we replicated this study to validate and extend their results. Twenty-one subjects participated in a repeated measures design using the same no-task paradigm as Sharon et al. (2020). Additionally, we extended the analysis to explore indicators of LC-NA activity in the EEG time domain. We compared EEG activity between sham (earlobe) and stimulation (cymba conchae) conditions. Our analysis found significantly less alpha activity during taVNS compared to sham stimulation. This confirms the finding of Sharon et al. (2020) - taVNS attenuates alpha oscillations. However, we found no differences in ERPs between conditions. This was likely due to methodological limitations that make the design inappropriate for ERP research. Our results support an effect of taVNS on phasic LC-NA activity, but the effect on tonic LC-NA remains unknown. This is discussed from the perspective of using taVNS as an intervention for disorders such as ADHD. Based on our exploratory analysis and literature findings, recommendations are made for future research.Show less
