Deze Bachelor scriptie gaat over de relatie tussen grafgoederen en de status van een persoon, er is onderzoek gedaan naar de verschillende grafgiften en bij wie deze gevonden worden.
Summary This thesis investigates the Middle Assyrian jewel assemblage from Tell Sabi Abyad, which comprises a period of about 110 years from 1225 BC to at most 1115 BC. The dunnu with only 900...Show moreSummary This thesis investigates the Middle Assyrian jewel assemblage from Tell Sabi Abyad, which comprises a period of about 110 years from 1225 BC to at most 1115 BC. The dunnu with only 900 people belonging to it was quite a small village; however its significance was based on the location. Its significance is demonstrated by the fact that the dunnu was ruled by powerful, high ranking officials who were members of the royal family. The western provinces of the Assyrian empire were essential for agricultural production. Moreover the tell was not only situated close to the border of the Hittite empire, but was also located at an important trade route from the Levant, North Syria and Anatolia to Aššur. This is mirrored in the jewelry assemblage, which shows far reaching trading connections with raw stones, shells and manufactured products. There is evidence for stone and shell processing for jewelry purposes, but metal items were likely received from bronze working centers like Tell Brak, Chuera or Aššur. On Tell Sabi Abyad graves with cremations and inhumations were encountered. Often the graves yielded, beside various objects, jewelry. Not all graves contained jewelry and the graves with jewelry showed considerable variations in abundance. Two cremation graves have striking similarities in abundance and types of jewelry. Especially figurative, exotic types such as scarabs, frogs, duck weights and pomegranates are found in this context. Jewels were worn by females, males and children and often given into their graves. Women possessed likely the majority, but also man owned bracelets, earrings, necklaces, rings and needles. Striking is the find of two necklaces inside the tower of the fort. Some beads of the necklaces were in shape of phallus symbols and two small combs were likely pendants. Possibly these items belonged to prostitutes who lived in the tower, perhaps in captivity. The design resembles that of other treasures from that region; but Tell Rimah and Aššur show more variety and more wealth than those of the small village Sabi Abyad. Jewels from Sabi Abyad are not exceptional but are designed in Assyrian style typical for that region and period.Show less
Few aspects of human agency are as sparsely treated in archaeological literature as the act of human defecation in the Ancient Near East, as only a limited number of toilets have been found and...Show moreFew aspects of human agency are as sparsely treated in archaeological literature as the act of human defecation in the Ancient Near East, as only a limited number of toilets have been found and published. This paucity is unfortunate, as sanitary technology as a phenomenon can have implications for a wide range of human socio-economic behaviour. The scarce literature indicates a predominance of squatting toilets, when compared to seating toilets. Based on an overview of the published toilets, this assumption does not bear out, as an overview of the available data suggests that seating toilets were equally “common”. At the same time toilets were not “common” at all: the large majority of toilets were found in urban and elite contexts. As such, the spread of sanitary technology like toilets and especially sewage systems might be indicative of social complexity, starting in Southern Mesopotamia in the 4th Millennium BC, eventually reaching Syria in the 2nd Millennium BC. In Tell Sabi Abyad toilets have been found in an Assyrian Late Bronze Age fortified estate, a so called dunnu, that was the property of an elite Assyrian family. These are the only toilets in the Ancient Near East that have been so far found outside an urban context. Although the small scale of the settlement does not necessitate toilets, its defensive role might. In addition the toilets may well have been part of the habitus of Assyrian nobility. Remarkably, these toilets stayed in use and were even rebuilt long after the dunnu lost its importance and connection to nobility, indicating an emulation of status behaviour, and a transfer of elite values.Show less
When Middle Assyrians conquered the land of Hanigalbat during the 14th and 13th century, they did several changes in the settlement systems of the area. This paper is mainly concerned with the...Show moreWhen Middle Assyrians conquered the land of Hanigalbat during the 14th and 13th century, they did several changes in the settlement systems of the area. This paper is mainly concerned with the changes happened during the transitional phase from the Mitanni to the Middle Assyrian period. Several works have been lately published about the Middle Assyrians in general but the Mitanni period has been generally neglected. The research of this paper tackles the subject through a bibliographical overview of the current archaeological data concerning the period. The questions which are going to be investigated in this paper about the transition from Mitanni to Middle Assyrians are: What changes did the Middle Assyrians brought to the administrative system of the area? What changes do we see in the settlement system? How did the agricultural economy evolved, what are the results of the intensification of agriculture and how did this affect the changes in settlement systems? In order to answer those questions the paper is divided in 4 chapters. In the first chapter I do a historical overview of the periods from the 15th to the 13th century BC. The historical overview is important to create the context in which I am going to work and it provides crucial information about the names of certain sites which will be investigated. In the first chapter I also provide a brief state of the archaeological research of the periods. In the second chapter I thoroughly investigate three areas, t e Balīḫ Valley, the Upper Ḫābūr Valle and t e Upper igris regi n. I pr vide general information of the areas and examination of certain sites which are used as examples. At the end of each subchapter there are conclusions concerning each specific region. The third chapter deals with agriculture and the changes of agriculture during the early period of the Middle Assyrian Empire. In order to examine the subject of agriculture I use two well documented sites, Tell Sabi Abyad and Dūr-Katlimmu. These sites have been chose because they provide us with important textual evidence and allow the reconstruction of their agricultural productivity. The study of agriculture allows us to see the role of agriculture in the settlement changes of the period.In the final chapter I firstly present a discussion in order to create a theoretical framework for the changes on settlement systems. In this part I discuss the policies used by Middle Assyrian in each region and the reasons behind certain decisions on changing the settlement patterns of an area. The last part of the chapter contains the conclusions and results of the research. The purpose of this MA thesis is to recreate certain aspects of the transitions from the Mitanni Empire to the Middle Assyrian Empire with main focus on the changes of settlement patterns.Show less
