The Islamic pilgrimage, the Hajj, is known as one of the biggest movement of people in the world. This annual event has long become the meeting point of Muslims from various places. In the late...Show moreThe Islamic pilgrimage, the Hajj, is known as one of the biggest movement of people in the world. This annual event has long become the meeting point of Muslims from various places. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the face of hajj changed significantly due to the advance in technology, opening of transportation routes and involvement of colonial government in conducting the hajj. The number of hajj participants from the Dutch East Indies, which were also known as the haji jawa increased greatly, including the female pilgrims, which made up 20-30% of the total pilgrims from the region. This thesis puts gender and colonial perspective together to study the female pilgrims and hajjah from the Dutch East Indies in comparison to the male counterparts. This thesis addresses the issue of how the Dutch colonial government perceived the female pilgrims and hajjah from the Dutch East Indies, such as what kind of themes appeared in the depiction of female pilgrims in the archives, where and when the female pilgrims were mentioned or not mentioned and why, and how it eventually relates to the production of knowledge about it. Contrary to the popular beliefs that the pilgrims were all male, there were many female pilgrims and many of them stayed in Mecca as moekimers. Women were mainly depicted as wife and companion, and victim of violence and slavery. They were underplayed in the archives and had never been under the spotlight in comparison to male pilgrims which were regarded as very important due to the possibility of being subversive and rebellious. The downplayed depiction of female pilgrims in the archives is continued until today in the historiography of hajj.Show less
In order to win a war, one must know its enemy intimately. It goes in a phrase by Tsun Zu as, “to know your enemy, you must become your enemy.” During the periods of colonization, the Dutch...Show moreIn order to win a war, one must know its enemy intimately. It goes in a phrase by Tsun Zu as, “to know your enemy, you must become your enemy.” During the periods of colonization, the Dutch authority in Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) had reflected such ideas through its language policy. This policy established in 1818 and was intended to exercise the colonial authority by utilizing the language. The departement voor Inlandsche Zaken was established in order to connect the domains of the indigenous and colonial government in Dutch East Indies. By this, the agency was obliged to study the language and culture in the archipelago. During the first five years of the Inlandsche Zaken, it had showed remarkable achievements in the unification of local vernaculars and the standardization of Malay. In this paper, I will provide several analyses on translation of documents from the archives of the Inlandsche Zaken kept at the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia. By this, I will examine the differences between two similar documents-each documents contains Dutch texts and they are translated into Malay (Dutch texts in these two documents are similar but the Malay translations are different) produced by the Dutch colonial government. My central research question is, to what extent language was utilized as a tool of subordination towards the indigenous society in Dutch East Indies? In addition, I try to demonstrate that the Inlandsche Zaken had played a determinant role in bridging the two worlds in Dutch East Indies-namely the colonial government and the indigenous societies, and also had used such knowledge to exercise the colonial authority.Show less
The 2012 Managing Government Records Directive requires U.S. government agencies to manage email records in an electronic format. Prior to this, many agencies were printing and filing emails. The...Show moreThe 2012 Managing Government Records Directive requires U.S. government agencies to manage email records in an electronic format. Prior to this, many agencies were printing and filing emails. The National Archives and Records Administration created an approach to email management called Capstone which classifies employees emails based on their position in the agency. By using Capstone, agencies will be in compliance with the new regulations. However, agencies can choose to use use a different approach. This thesis explores the different approaches that the agencies have implemented and looks at the role the National Archives has played.Show less
