This research uses the disease of osteoarthritis in order to investigate the activity patterns of a rural and an urban environment in the Netherlands during the post-medieval period. It produced...Show moreThis research uses the disease of osteoarthritis in order to investigate the activity patterns of a rural and an urban environment in the Netherlands during the post-medieval period. It produced two datasets with matching criteria obtained from the skeletal assemblages of the heavily researched rural site of Middenbeemster and the relatively new urban site of Arnhem. Historical literature is combined with osteoarthritis prevalence give a more clear and detailed image of past activity patterns. This literature has provided this research with the knowledge that Middenbeemster was a dairy farming community, while Arnhem was a city with a focus on the beer brewing industry. Different markers on the bones associated with osteoarthritis resulted in differences in osteoarthritis prevalence. This differences were not only investigated within the environments but also between the environments. In the urban environment a sexual division of labour was seen, while in the rural environment men and women performed similar strenuous activities. Besides this, it is evident that industrial city life was more strenuous on the bodies of individuals than farming life was during the post-medieval period in the Netherlands.Show less
This Bachelor thesis studies the differences in lower limb bone morphology between post medieval rural and urban populations within the Netherlands. To demonstrate these differences two human...Show moreThis Bachelor thesis studies the differences in lower limb bone morphology between post medieval rural and urban populations within the Netherlands. To demonstrate these differences two human skeletal remains collections originating from Middenbeemster (rural) and Zwolle (urban) have been compared statistically. The study presented within this thesis aims to link possible differences within lower limb bone morphology to the socioeconomic environments, where the introduction of industrialization is one of the major changes compared to late medieval socioeconomic environments is an important factor. These new changes to the areas in which these populations lived their lives, happened quite differently for both the rural and urban areas which should results if these differences are indeed visible within the human skeletal remains. Post medieval Zwolle and Middenbeemster both experienced the changes that the industrialization brought to the Netherlands differently, whereas Zwolle was industrialized whilst Middenbeemster did yet have to feel the “arrival” of industrialization, which means differences between the rural and urban areas should exist. Most differences between rural and urban areas are known from historical context. Looking at the human skeletal remains to see if there are bone morphological differences between rural and urban populations however, could shed some more light on the different socioeconomic environments present within the Netherlands. Lower limb bone morphology is a small part of this but nevertheless important because it gives an insight on the mobility patterns and the amount of mechanical loading experienced by the individuals living in both Middenbeemster and Zwolle. The study shows that industrialization, rural and urban life and class differences between and within the populations indeed have an impact on bone morphological changes within the lower limbs. This means that differences in mobility and mechanical loading are present between and within both populations.Show less
The patterns of LEH thus far recognized within the skeletal collection of Alkmaar have produced significant results regarding multiple topics: the differences in distribution of LEH patterns...Show moreThe patterns of LEH thus far recognized within the skeletal collection of Alkmaar have produced significant results regarding multiple topics: the differences in distribution of LEH patterns between men and women, the timing of LEH episodes and between the age-at-death and the prevalence of LEH. Within this dataset, there is no significant difference recognized between males and females regarding the prevalence of LEH, this stress-marker occur in the same frequency for both sexes. This however does not mean that there are no differences observed between men and women in the age distribution of LEH and the timing of the LEH episodes. The female individuals found in Alkmaar tend to suffer from malnutrition from a younger age then the males and the prevalence of LEH lasts longer, for some individuals into their early teens. Males however have a higher prevalence of LEH then females after the age of one, but there are no signs of LEH in males after six years old. Lastly, the patterns recognized when analyzing the correlation between LEH and longevity of life seems to indicate a connection between the presence of and an increase in risk of dying at a younger age. This risk seems to increase in individuals that have severe LEH where multiple markers of malnutrition episodes are present, this correlation between childhood health events and its impact on health at adulthood can be used when constructing the biological profile of individuals if investigated properly. LEH has proven to be a rich source of information that can provide a useful insight into the Alkmaar dataset, but more research into the dental records will be needed in order to properly understand and explain the significant patterns presented in this thesis.Show less
In this study, a selection of articles on trepanation in Pre-Columbian Peru were chosen to represent the four departments of Amazonas, Apurímac, Lima and Cusco. The available data was extracted...Show moreIn this study, a selection of articles on trepanation in Pre-Columbian Peru were chosen to represent the four departments of Amazonas, Apurímac, Lima and Cusco. The available data was extracted from these articles, and combined in order to greater understand the variations between the method, location, biological profiles and frequency of trepanations in Peru before the Spanish conquest. The survival rate for this sample, at 54% (n=136), suggests a lower rate than shown in previous studies. This result is discussed, in relation to surrounding issues within trepanation studies to understand the true implications of the results. The lack of available data, as well as the future improvements imaging technology encourage for further research into the subject of survival and the nature of Peruvian trepanations, hopefully exceeding the problems encountered in the making of this study, as well as previous studies, on trepanation.Show less
Sex estimation methods commonly used in osteoarchaeology involve the pelvis and skull. If the pelvis, cranium or other big-sized bones are damaged or cannot be found in a burial, new methods for...Show moreSex estimation methods commonly used in osteoarchaeology involve the pelvis and skull. If the pelvis, cranium or other big-sized bones are damaged or cannot be found in a burial, new methods for estimating sex are needed. This study aims to determine the degree of sexual dimorphism from the first proximal hand phalanges, in order to explore the possibility of using this particular bone for sex estimation. The sample used in this study was taken from Middenbeemster skeletal collection housed in Human Osteoarchaeology Laboratory, Leiden University. The skeletal collection from the 17th - 19th century was chosen because it has individuals of known sex and age. A total of 103 first proximal hand phalanges obtained from 64 adult individuals (22 males and 42 females) were used in this study. There were seven measurements used to analyze the degree of sexual dimorphism, including maximal length and diaphyseal and epiphyseal widths, both mediolaterally and anteroposteriorly. The degree of sexual dimorphism in the first proximal hand phalanx of Middenbeemster skeletal collection is up to 22.38%, indicated by left APWM. The lowest degree of sexual dimorphism is shown by the left ML. Five out of seven measurements used in this study show the left side has a higher degree of sexual dimorphism than the right. The results of this study indicate that the first proximal hand phalanx can potentially be used for sex estimation.Show less
The most accurate ageing methods for non-adult individuals are based on dental development and eruption. However, archaeological skeletal remains are often fragmented or incomplete, as a result of...Show moreThe most accurate ageing methods for non-adult individuals are based on dental development and eruption. However, archaeological skeletal remains are often fragmented or incomplete, as a result of which teeth may be lost or severely damaged. Recently, Primeau et al. (2016) developed a method to estimate age-at-death of non-adults with the use of the diaphyseal length for all major long bones. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the quadratic regression formulae on a post-medieval Dutch population. Long bone lengths were measured for a total of 61 individuals from the Middenbeemster skeletal collection, ranging from birth to 21 years of age. Regression ages were assigned, and subsequently compared to the known ages of 38 individuals, and estimated dental ages of 23 individuals. The results show an overall high accuracy of the method in when all age groups are combined, but inaccurate regression ages were produced for the long bones of the infants, and some of the bones of the children in the sample. This discrepancy might be partly explained by a difference in size and varying growth rates between the Middenbeemster and Danish individuals. For the juvenile and adolescent age categories, almost no significant differences were found, which suggests that the regression formulae can be used to estimate age-at-death accurately for non-adults above the age of 6 years.Show less
The occurrence and aetiology of congenitally absent third molars is widely researched in modern human populations. Previous research on third molar agenesis has, however, seldom been conducted on...Show moreThe occurrence and aetiology of congenitally absent third molars is widely researched in modern human populations. Previous research on third molar agenesis has, however, seldom been conducted on medieval populations, and archaeological research on other time periods has focussed on either agenesis patterns, prevalence within a population, or relations to dental wear. Osteoarchaeology can contribute to understanding third molar agenesis in a way that exceeds temporal and geographical boundaries, and therefore it can contribute to unravelling different aetiological contributors of third molar agenesis. This research is about third molar agenesis in the Late Medieval Dutch skeletal collections of Klaaskinderkerke (rural) and Alkmaar (urban) in order to gain insight into congenitally absent third molars during the Dutch Late Medieval period. To enhance knowledge about third molar agenesis, this study conducts prevalence and metric analyses of the jaws in relation to third molar agenesis patterns. The main question is ‘Do sex, size and robustness of the mandible and the maxilla, and the place in the jaw (mandible versus maxilla), relate to the agenesis, impaction, or presence of the third molar in a Late Medieval Dutch sample?’ To answer the research questions, 19 mandibular and 9 maxillary measurements are used to quantify size and robustness. Radiological examination is used to differentiate between third molar agenesis and impaction. Statistical analyses explore the relationships between category and metric variables and third molar agenesis. The results show that impaction of the third molar was not present in the two late medieval sites. The frequency of third molar agenesis is insignificantly higher for females (36.8%) than for males (29.4%). Congenitally absent third molars are insignificantly more often observed in the mandibles than in the maxillae (29.7% versus 25.0%). Congenitally absent third molars were observed significantly more frequently in the Alkmaar collection (46.5%) than in the Klaaskinderkerke (25.5%) sample. These differences may be related to differences in environment, genetic variation, or ways of living. The socioeconomic background is similar for both sites, and should not be a contributing factor. The statistical results indicate that third molar agenesis is to some extent related to size and robustness of the jaws, but only a few measurements correlate with agenesis. All correlating measurements differ between males and females, except for Body Height. The contribution of the current study to understanding the development of third molar agenesis is that it provides osteoarchaeological data on a (sex specific) relationship between size and robustness of the jaws and third molar agenesis in the Dutch Middle Ages.Show less
