The Rights of Nature is a new paradigm shift which holds that Nature has fundamental rights. Proponents claim that this new form of ecological governance will create sustainable solutions for...Show moreThe Rights of Nature is a new paradigm shift which holds that Nature has fundamental rights. Proponents claim that this new form of ecological governance will create sustainable solutions for environmental degradation as well as expand the cultural heritage and rights of indigenous peoples. However, there lacks sufficient transparency to what extent these claims are accurate. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the Rights of Nature from a cultural heritage perspective in order to create greater understanding and clarity. The core of the research is to look at the interrelation between the Rights of Nature, landscape protection and heritage studies. In turn, this interrelation can reveal to what extent the Rights of Nature truly expands the cultural heritage and rights of indigenous peoples as well as promotes environmental protection. The research focuses on the parallel cases of Ecuador and New Zealand where the Rights of Nature are legally recognised but approached in different ways. First, the research takes a closer look at the origins, developments and characteristics of the Rights of Nature movement, including the interrelated expansion of the human rights development. Second, the heritage focus reveals that western and indigenous heritage values have a different conception of the human-Nature relationship. Indigenous heritage values reflect an intimate relation with Nature where both humans and the natural world are equally interconnected. In contrast, western heritage values reflect a dualistic perspective on the human-Nature relationship, where human culture is separated from Nature and often in dominion over Nature. These contrasting conceptions, in turn, shape the way cultural landscape protection as well as the Rights of Nature is defined and expressed. From a pure theoretical framework, the Rights of Nature carries both elements of western and indigenous heritage values, however, this is not straightforward and remains ambiguous. The case studies show that Ecuador and New Zealand carry both strong and weak elements in how the implement their Rights of Nature. As a result, the countries have a different outcome in how they protect their cultural landscapes in relation to environmental challenges as well as to what extent they expand the cultural heritage and rights of indigenous peoples. The research presents a variety of conclusions, but the main point is that the Rights of Nature can be regarded as a small step forward in the recognition of Nature’s right, however, it is not the end-solution. So far, the Rights of Nature does not sufficiently expand the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples as well as provides straightforward solutions to environmental degradation. Alternatively, when the western legal system changes its fundamental normative rules that define the principles of rights to a relationship framework, indigenous people’s rights and cultural traditions can be easier embraced. We need a language of law that brings to light the patterns of relationship rather than hides it in structures of hierarchies, boundaries and competing interests. When relationship patterns become the intention within the legal framework, the Rights of Nature can become more effective in bringing about its aim.Show less
The temple of Empel was interpreted as a religious cult place were Hercules Magusanus was devoted by the Batavian elite. However, Roman religion was very complex in Germania Inferior where religion...Show moreThe temple of Empel was interpreted as a religious cult place were Hercules Magusanus was devoted by the Batavian elite. However, Roman religion was very complex in Germania Inferior where religion was entangled in multiple part of society. This results in a diversity of deities, rituals, and audience group. The temple of Empel does not fit in the general idea of Roman religion and there is no explanation why the archaeological site in Empel an abnormality in the general idea of Roman religion is. This thesis wants to give an explanation how a local site functioned in the general idea of Roman religion in order to better understand how Roman religion worked. When looking at the religion’s practises in Germania Inferior, no spatial pattern of religion can be seen. This is in line with the general idea of how Roman religion worked. The regional level on the civitas Batavorum is also in line with this general idea of Roman religion: no spatial pattern is detectable. The temple complexes worked in this Batavian civitas in the same way of how Roman religion worked, because multiple deities were found, temple complexes work in a broader perspective than only religion, and there is evidence for interpretatio Romana. The temple of Empel is not different from this general idea. In this temple complex, not only Hercules Magusanus is devoted, but probably also Luna, Mother-Goddess, and Fortuna. Moreover, not only the military Batavian elite devoted here, but also women and ordinary men according to the jewellery. This means that the temple of Empel fits in the general idea of how Roman religion worked and this thesis proves why.Show less
This research examines majolica pottery produced in Italy during the Renaissance period. More specifically, it is concerned with the provenance of two Italian majolica collections of the 13th to...Show moreThis research examines majolica pottery produced in Italy during the Renaissance period. More specifically, it is concerned with the provenance of two Italian majolica collections of the 13th to the 15th century, the first being composed of Italian majolica fragments from Crete (Greece) and the second being the Pringsheim collection of majolica vessels, some of which are currently exhibited in the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen in Rotterdam (the Netherlands). The scarcity of fragments of Renaissance earthenware in Crete, the largest colony of the Serenissima Republic of Venice, belies the Venetian domination of the island that lasted for almost 400 years. The few fragments uncovered are analyzed herein and discussed with regard to their provenance and the status of majolica production in Crete and the Mediterranean more generally. The story and the origins of the Pringsheim collection of vessels and its relation to Nazi looting of artworks is also presented, allowing for a discussion of the trade in precious earthenware and restitution claims on seized art. The examination of these two significantly different collections also allows for a broader discussion of how museums, heirs, and states deal with the Italian pottery of the post-Medieval period.Show less
The ‘Galatians’ are often stereotypically depicted as warlike barbarians that migrated to Asia Minor during the early third century BCE. After they plundered their way through Greece and Anatolia,...Show moreThe ‘Galatians’ are often stereotypically depicted as warlike barbarians that migrated to Asia Minor during the early third century BCE. After they plundered their way through Greece and Anatolia, they adapted themselves to the customs of the superior ‘Greeks’ of the Hellenistic world. This research aims to change this conventional paradigm through the investigation of their fortifications. Three ‘Galatian’ fortifications are analysed, these are called Tabanlioğlu Kale, Zengibar Kale and Karalar. The ‘Hellenistic'-style of these undervalued military fortifications are until now interpreted as the unidirectional result of dominant ethnic ‘Greek’ cultural influence. The goal of this study is to re-examine these traditional thoughts in light of the globalisation theory. It will investigate the relationship between the local and global characteristics of the fortifications and try to understand the various cultural relationships that appeared in central Anatolia during the Hellenistic-Roman period. The research finally exposes that the ‘Galatian’ fortifications were local creations but that they were also used as active agents to express a notion of ‘belonging’ to the wider global Hellenistic world.Show less
This research is based on a 200cm₃ sediment sample that has been taken from level 13II-3 sublevel b/c, an unknown volume of sediment belonging to the same sample and a 200cm₃ sediment sample that...Show moreThis research is based on a 200cm₃ sediment sample that has been taken from level 13II-3 sublevel b/c, an unknown volume of sediment belonging to the same sample and a 200cm₃ sediment sample that has been taken from level 13II-2 sublevel 3bc/c-2a5. Remains of a Palaeoloxodon antiquus have been unearthed and correspond with layer 13II-3 and 13II-2. The remains of this large herbivore that have been unearthed exist of a mandible including two molars, the atlas bone and the spheroid bone. These remains correspond with level 13II-3. Also a tusk belonging to this animal was found and this corresponds to level 13II-2. It is possible further research will reveal larger parts of the skeleton and this possibility is taken into account in this thesis. The stratigraphic layers with which these remains correspond have been sampled in close proximity to the mandible and the tusk. This method is used in an attempt to get macro-botanical data that corresponds closely to the time the Palaeoloxodon antiquus died, so the environmental reconstruction will gain us access in what flora were locally represented around the time this Palaeoloxodon antiquus died. Because different studies suggest the presence of a lake at the location the sample was taken, the expectations are to encounter different aquatic and semi-aquatic plant macrofossils.Show less
During the first centuries BCE and CE, China became one of the larger power-blocks within the ancient early Silk Roads trade network. Extensive trade connections began to form between the Indian...Show moreDuring the first centuries BCE and CE, China became one of the larger power-blocks within the ancient early Silk Roads trade network. Extensive trade connections began to form between the Indian Subcontinent and China, allowing for the creation of trade routes passing through the mountains. The physical manifestation of the travellers along these routes is left behind in the shape of rock art, with anthropomorphic Buddhist, zoomorphic, and inscriptional carvings. The focus of this research is placed on the study of the zoomorphic rock art assemblage from the Karakoram mountain range. An international team composed of archaeologists from the Pakistani Department of Archaeology of Gilgit and the German Heidelberg Academy cooperated to document the rock art assemblage present at significant conglomerations of rock art locations, known as field stations, in the Karakoram mountain range, from 1983 until 2013. This documentation, consisting of eleven catalogues known as the Materialien zur Archäologie der Nordgebiete Pakistans, is the basis for the current research. Three aspects of zoomorphic rock art are discussed in this thesis. Firstly, the identification of the faunal depictions. Through the correlation of morphological characteristics ofextant fauna and zoomorphic carvings, it becomes possible to identify the depicted fauna. Three main Classes have been identified, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. The majority of the carvings, over 95 percent, consists of Mammalia carvings, in particular Bovidae. Secondly, a spatial distribution of the location and composition of rock art locations was created to study potential clustering. The presence of clustering appeared to enrich the variety of depicted zoomorphic motifs. Furthermore, a dichotomy could be seen between field stations which were present alongside the Indus River, showing a larger diversity than locations more inland. Thirdly, the dataset was interpreted, by carrying out a more detailed analysis into the riverside-inland dichotomy and correlating the presence of the zoomorphic motifs with the Buddhist motifs, strengthening past hypotheses and introducing new areas of interest for future archaeological research. The results of this thesis are laying the foundations for research into the available zoomorphic motifs, and the broader rock art assemblage of the Karakoram mountain range.Show less
This thesis has researched to what extent archaeological evidence supports the previous identifications of thirty temples in Italy and how can we better understand them in terms of architectural...Show moreThis thesis has researched to what extent archaeological evidence supports the previous identifications of thirty temples in Italy and how can we better understand them in terms of architectural development and processes of cultural change. Scholarship regarding Capitolia has always been influenced by romanization. Temples that fitted a perfect romanization picture by being in the right location with an Etrusco-Roman plan were automatically labelled as Capitolia, while there was a lack of other supporting archaeological evidence. In this thesis I have shown that out of these thirty temples only five could be identified for certain, based on the evidence that is actually connected to a dedication of the Capitoline Triad. The other temples were divided into different categories, that do not necessarily exclude them but better contextualize them. I have proposed the model of globalization to view all of these temples in a different theoretical framework. This model focusses on interconnectivity and global elements that can be used by local communities and be transformed and adopted to their local needs. I have argued that Capitolia are the perfect example of this global-local balance: the global element being the religious aspects, i.e. the dedication the Capitoline Triad, and the local element being the difference in temple style and decoration. With this model, the differences that were found between all of these Capitolia (and which make identifying them extremely difficult), are not seen as a problem, but these differences are embraced.Show less
This thesis investigates how article 7 of the Malta Convention is implemented in the Netherlands. Article 7 deals with the enabling of the study of and dissemination of archaeological information....Show moreThis thesis investigates how article 7 of the Malta Convention is implemented in the Netherlands. Article 7 deals with the enabling of the study of and dissemination of archaeological information. This is achieved by requiring the writing of a summary record after an excavation and a national overview of all archaeological data. First, it focusses at how this is realised in the Netherlands through legislation and policy. All Dutch summary records and other archaeological data are stored at the DANS institute. By looking at the way in which this repository is set up, it can be stated that DANS stores data in a sustainable way. Next it analyses the archaeological use and user data of DANS. This is achieved by inspecting the user account data on research interest and the amount that belongs to the archaeological professional’s group. This group consists of ca. 3000 registered users. Further it investigates the use of DANS by looking at the downloading of archaeological datasets and files. It will evaluate the depositing of datasets within the archaeology discipline. In the use and user-analysis the focus is placed on the years 2017 and 2018. From this analysis it becomes clear that DANS is frequently used to gather archaeological data. This reuse of data can mainly be ascribed to professional archaeologists. This indicates that the archaeological data is being reused in further research. The deposition data reveals that the depositing of data is done by only a small part of the archaeological user community. Subsequently a chapter is committed to a short overview of other European countries, with a focus on comparing the situation in England to that of the Netherlands. For while the system of both countries seems similar, with features such as commercial archaeology, a trusted repository and long archaeological tradition, there are still significant differences between both heritage management systems. Further, there is a chapter dedicated to international collaboration on making archaeological data available internationally. Malta article 8 treats the promoting and sharing of archaeological information nationally and internationally. One step taken towards this goal is the ARIADNE project, a European Union funded project in which several partners created a data infrastructure that could search international archaeological archives. The steps to attain this search portal are described, with observations on how ARIADNE needs to be improved for it to become a true asset. The work on the portal is continued in the next phase ARIADNEplus. 88 In conclusion the study finds that the connotations of article 7 have been deeply embedded in archaeology practiced in the Netherlands. This has been a cooperation of state legislation, spatial planning policy, quality guidelines and storage protocols that have been drafted through an active dialogue between archaeologists and government. This has resulted in making the archives part of the knowledge cycle, by actively incorporating old data into new research.Show less
The use of 3D modelling allows us to research and visualize the construction history of archaeological structures. In this research, 3D models of demolished castles were created, in order to study...Show moreThe use of 3D modelling allows us to research and visualize the construction history of archaeological structures. In this research, 3D models of demolished castles were created, in order to study the construction of the buildings.Show less
Osteoarthritis (OA), is the most commonly occurring joint disease, it affects the synovial joints and is characterized by degenerative changes in the joint structure. Furthermore, it is one of the...Show moreOsteoarthritis (OA), is the most commonly occurring joint disease, it affects the synovial joints and is characterized by degenerative changes in the joint structure. Furthermore, it is one of the diseases used in examining activity patterns within populations. This research makes use of two population samples, one with low-status individuals from Arnhem, buried in a cemetery outside the St. Eusebius’ Church, and one with high-status individuals from Zwolle, buried within the Broerenkerk. The aim of the research is to see if there are any remarkable differences between the prevalence of OA in the low-status population and the high-status population. To answer this question, 37 individuals from Arnhem and 55 individuals from Zwolle were analyzed. Males, females and indeterminate sexes were included in the sample as well as individuals from the early young adult age group to the old adult age group. 34 joints of all individuals (seventeen left and seventeen right) were scored plus the vertebral column and ribs. The scores were given on the basis of specific scoring systems for each joint and were put in a table ending up with a final score for all individuals. From these scores, it is evident that the females in Zwolle have a higher prevalence of OA than the females in Arnhem, the males of both samples are equally distributed. Considering the age groups, the two youngest age groups have a higher prevalence in the sample of Arnhem and the two oldest age groups have a higher prevalence in the sample of Zwolle. Status-difference might be the cause for these differences. However, the professions during the post-medieval period were similar in both cities. Regarding the most affected joints in both samples, the low-status population has the highest prevalence of OA in the arms, while the high-status population has the highest prevalence of OA in the legs. This difference could be explained by considering activity induced OA versus weight induced OA. Concluding from this study, there are some differences between the two samples regarding sexes and age groups. However, the total prevalence of OA in the Arnhem sample is slightly lower (5%) than the prevalence of OA in the Zwolle sample. Therefore, it seems unlikely that there is a difference between the prevalence of OA in low-status and high-status populations. This is confirmed by statistical analyses.Show less
This research has focussed on frailty and stress in the late medieval and early modern populations of the Broerenkerk in Zwolle and the Eusebiuskerk in Arnhem, in order to understand how stress...Show moreThis research has focussed on frailty and stress in the late medieval and early modern populations of the Broerenkerk in Zwolle and the Eusebiuskerk in Arnhem, in order to understand how stress affected individuals from different sexes, age categories, and status. To understand this, three methods were used: linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis. In total, 84 skeletons were analysed. The populations have been analysed with each other as well as on their own. The methods have been compared to each other to understand whether they might relate to each other and whether it was likely that they occurred within a skeleton simultaneously. Results showed that there was no statistical significance within or between the sex and age-at-death categories within and between the populations, except for the cribra orbitalia results between the population of the Eusebiuskerk and the Broerenkerk. This has been linked to status: the population buried in the Broerenkerk was of a higher status than the population of the Eusebiuskerk. Although they were likely not extremely rich, as illustrated by the job names presented on the covering slabs, they likely had better access to food. The population of the Eusebiuskerk was likely to be of a very poor status due to trade tokens found with the individuals and because they were buried in the northern church grounds. The fact that the individuals from Zwolle showed less linear enamel hypoplasia might be the result of them experiencing less long term stress. Poor individuals lived close together in guesthouses, which means that illnesses could spread faster. So, it is clear that stress affected statuses differently, and that individuals from Arnhem were more fragile as a result. Yet, care must be taken as limitations are present.Show less
