Already during Antiquity, Egypt was famous for its royal mortuary monuments. During the millennia that have passed since the construction of these monuments, the meaning given to them by their...Show moreAlready during Antiquity, Egypt was famous for its royal mortuary monuments. During the millennia that have passed since the construction of these monuments, the meaning given to them by their spectators has altered several times. This study focusses on the interpretation and reuse of the Theban New Kingdom mortuary temples, the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings and the Old Kingdom pyramids at the Giza Plateau during the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods. Aim of this study is to show how these monuments were interpreted and reused by two different groups of spectators, namely the Graeco-Roman tourists, who came to see these monuments, and the native Egyptians, who lived in the vicinity of these buildings. Moreover, the ways in which the meaning given to these mortuary monuments during the Pharaonic Period survived into the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, are discussed.Show less
Welke relaties bestaan er tussen de Romein en de hond, welke inzichten in de Romeinse samenleving verschaffen deze relaties en hoe verhouden die zich met hoe men tegenwoordig in Nederland met...Show moreWelke relaties bestaan er tussen de Romein en de hond, welke inzichten in de Romeinse samenleving verschaffen deze relaties en hoe verhouden die zich met hoe men tegenwoordig in Nederland met honden omgaat? Deze hoofdvraag onderzoek ik in drie categoriën. De eerste gaat over de daadwerkelijke omgang met honden, de tweede over verhalen over de (gedeeltelijke) transformatie van mens in hond en de laatste categorie gaat over de rol van honden in de bovennatuur. De daadwerkelijke omgang gaat over de relatie tussen hond en baas, of het nu om waakhonden of schoothonden gaat, de puppytijd of juist het overlijden van het dier. Het transformatiegedeelte zal gaan over alles wat tussen het menselijke en het dierlijke in zit, met name weerwolven en cynocefalen. Deze categorie is zeer interessant voor de perceptie van de Romein van de hond, omdat er hier sprake is van mythes over hybridewezens die mens noch dier zijn, maar iets ertussenin. Deze verhalen geven extra inzicht in wat nu eigenlijk mens-zijn definieert. De goddelijke categorie zal gaan over goden die met honden worden geassocieerd, honden als attribuut hebben en de rol die honden spelen in verband met de bovennatuur. Deze drie thema’s samen geven ons een inkijkje in de antieke samenleveing. Ze geven inzicht in hoe men tegenover dieren, goden en zichzelf staat. In combinatie met elkaar werpen de thema’s licht op hoe men denkt over de verschillen tussen mens en dier, hoe menselijke eigenschappen worden geprojecteerd op dieren en of de godenwereld door de alledaagse realiteit wordt vormgegeven. Of anders gezegd, het geeft ons iets meer inzicht in het antieke menselijke gedrag en ook het denken, door zowel verhalen en ideeën als de werkelijkheid te bekijken.Show less
This thesis looks at the possibility to use commercial off-the-shelf video games as an educational tool. By looking at educational video games, commercially made video games and different genres,...Show moreThis thesis looks at the possibility to use commercial off-the-shelf video games as an educational tool. By looking at educational video games, commercially made video games and different genres, this thesis hopes to provide some insight in what type of video game can be used as an educational tool.Show less
In a globalizing world, where experiencing new cultures is on a lot of bucket lists, the study of cultural interaction has become very popular. In our modern day and age, we like to project this...Show moreIn a globalizing world, where experiencing new cultures is on a lot of bucket lists, the study of cultural interaction has become very popular. In our modern day and age, we like to project this etic phenomenon of our modern day globalization onto the ancient world. And not without avail, research has found that cultural interaction did indeed take place in the ancient world, although we need to keep in mind that the emic perspective might have been a bit different from our own. A lot of intercultural interaction took place in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age. During this period ships filled with luxurious gifts and exotic merchandise were plying the seas. However, this transfer of material culture did not only occur through trade or gift exchange, but also through warfare and travelling craftsmen. The transfer of non-material culture also took place, for example through the transfer of techniques and ideas. This could also take the form of motif transference. This thesis examines the phenomenon of motif transference between the Aegean, the Near East and Egypt during the Bronze Age. Besides the acculturation between two cultures, it is also possible for cultural interaction to take place between three or more cultures. This is reflected in the art of the Bronze Age, in which some motifs were shared by the artistic traditions of the Aegean, the Near East and Egypt. The transfer in style as well as technology and iconography created a new level of hybridity that lasted until the end of the Late Bronze Age and which is often called the international style. But the objects which are considered to belong to the international style, were not the only ones displaying a common style. Throughout the Eastern Mediterranean frescoes were found with motifs from the Aegean artistic tradition, which were produced during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. They are found in geographically important cities, which were located along important trade routes. These paintings were found at Alalakh, Miletus and Hattusa in Turkey, Qatna in Syria, Tel Kabri in Israel, Tell el-Dab’a, Malkata and Amarna in Egypt and display hybrid influences in iconography as well as technology. The goal of this thesis is to determine if the much-debated international style at present has a too narrow definition, which might need to be expanded to include these frescoes. This study tries to determine whether or not the palatial art found in the Eastern Mediterranean can be seen as a part of the international style.Show less
De scriptie beslaat een onderzoek naar de beeldvorming rond de vroeg-christelijke vrouw in christelijke en pagane teksten uit de eerste drie eeuwen na Christus. Een selectie van christelijke en...Show moreDe scriptie beslaat een onderzoek naar de beeldvorming rond de vroeg-christelijke vrouw in christelijke en pagane teksten uit de eerste drie eeuwen na Christus. Een selectie van christelijke en pagane literatuur wordt onderzocht op beschrijvingen van de vroeg-christelijke vrouw. Daaruit blijkt in eerste instantie dat er geen eenduidig beeld naar voren komt, maar dat er sprake is van verschillende beelden en een bepaalde mate van communicatie en wisselwerking tussen de onderzochte teksten. De belangrijkste overeenkomsten, verschillen en verandering in de beeldvorming worden op een rij gezet. De belangrijkste overeenkomst tussen de geschetse beelden ligt in een aantal gemeenschappelijke thema’s, die uit de beschrijvingen en de context daarvan naar voren komt: de vrouw als goedgelovige hysterica met een hang naar onconventionele religieuze activiteiten, de dichotomie tussen de vrouwelijke privésfeer en de mannelijke publieke sfeer, het huwelijk en celibaat en de patriarchale structuur van het Grieks-Romeinse huishouden en tot slot het thema rond het martelaarschap. Deze vier thema’s worden als uitgangspunt genomen bij een analyse van het overzicht van beschrijvingen om tot mogelijke verklaringen van de beeldvorming te komen. Retorische strategie en het gebruik van in de oudheid bekende stereotiepe beschrijvingen van de vrouw, de bredere sociale en culturele context van in de Grieks-Romeinse samenleving bestaande conventionele opinie en traditionele waarden rond de vrouw en haar religieuze activiteiten, historische gebeurtenissen rond rechtzaken, vervolgingen en andere botsingen tussen de christelijke en pagane gemeenschap en tot slot de meer persoonlijke achtergronden, interesses en motivaties van de besproken auteurs worden onderzocht en vormen mogelijke verklaringen voor de vorm en inhoud van de onderzochte beeldvorming.Show less
An inquiry into the Roman perspectives, attitudes and opinions on the religions of ancient Egypt and ancient Gaul in the period between the first century BCE and the second century CE. The thesis...Show moreAn inquiry into the Roman perspectives, attitudes and opinions on the religions of ancient Egypt and ancient Gaul in the period between the first century BCE and the second century CE. The thesis is based primarily on the opinions of Roman authors and previous studies.Show less
In one way or another, the civilizations who ruled over Egypt in antiquity could all boast a close connection to the concepts of 'law' and 'justice'. Balance, justice, and order - all personified...Show moreIn one way or another, the civilizations who ruled over Egypt in antiquity could all boast a close connection to the concepts of 'law' and 'justice'. Balance, justice, and order - all personified by the goddess Ma'at - were the cornerstones of Ancient Egyptian religion and society. The Greek Ptolemies, who ruled over Egypt between 323 and 30 BC, would become famous for their advanced and intricate bureacracy, which also featured a highly effective law enforcement system. The Romans, more than any, prided themselves on their laws, which remain influential in modern societies to this day. This thesis sets out to discover the manner in which criminal justice in Egypt developed from the times of the New Kingdom, through the Ptolemaic era, and under Roman rule. Not only for the abovementioned anecdotal reasons, but also because the capability to deal with crime and to maintain order can serve as an indicator for a successful administration in general. Because criminal law forms an integral part of a legal system as a whole, which, in turn, is inseparable from the general administrative system of a country, all of these will be taken into account. The following questions will be answered in this thesis: how were the various legal and administrative systems organized?; which actions were considered to be crimes by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans?; who possessed the legal authority to deal with these matters?; and in what manner were criminal transgressions dealt with in practice? In the end, the aim is to not only find out how criminal justice developed in the course of nearly two millennia, but also to offer an explanation as to why these developments took their specific course.Show less
Does the way in which the state of Israel used its ancient history correspond with archaeological finds? Or were Masada and Bethar used for hero-making...
In de eerste eeuwen na Chr. veranderen de Romeinse ideeën rondom de eeuwenoude traditie van de spectacula. Deze scriptie doet onderzoek naar de verandering. Wat veranderde er rondom de beeldvorming...Show moreIn de eerste eeuwen na Chr. veranderen de Romeinse ideeën rondom de eeuwenoude traditie van de spectacula. Deze scriptie doet onderzoek naar de verandering. Wat veranderde er rondom de beeldvorming van de spectacula en hoe kwam dit. De Romeinse filosofen Cicero en Seneca en de kerkvaders Tertullianus en Augustinus spelen een belangrijke rol in het onderzoek.Show less
In this thesis I compare nine sources from Jewish and Greek backgrounds between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The overarching subject is eschatology, divided into chapters about afterlife, judgement and...Show moreIn this thesis I compare nine sources from Jewish and Greek backgrounds between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The overarching subject is eschatology, divided into chapters about afterlife, judgement and revelations.Show less
In this thesis I have examined if and how indigenous religion in north-western Europe (specifically Roman Britain and northern Gaul) changed after the Roman colonization. The basis of my research...Show moreIn this thesis I have examined if and how indigenous religion in north-western Europe (specifically Roman Britain and northern Gaul) changed after the Roman colonization. The basis of my research is the idea that agriculture is a very important factor in shaping culture and religion. Ton Derks (1998) has stated that in northern Gaul, the southern territories were much more accepting of Roman religious customs because the agricultural basis of their society, namely arable farming, was the same as that of the Romans. In the north, were stockbreeding was much more important, people were much less accepting of Roman culture and as a consequence religious habits did not change much after the Roman conquest. In other words, the core of people's beliefs remained the same. I have applied this theory to Roman Britain, as the differences between the highland and lowland zones present us with a very similar agricultural division. This research has shown that, while indigenous religion and world views did become more Roman (especially in the areas were arable farming was more important than stockbreeding), native populations also attempted to preserve, or create new local traditions to retain their own identity. Such changes were not always directly related to local forms of agriculture, but areas were arable farming was dominant were far more susceptible to them than the more conservative pastoral zones.Show less
