The Ottoman Empire grew increasingly accepting of European law of nations when it became clear that its survival was at stake. In a bid to appeal to their European counterparts, the Ottomans sought...Show moreThe Ottoman Empire grew increasingly accepting of European law of nations when it became clear that its survival was at stake. In a bid to appeal to their European counterparts, the Ottomans sought to reform their existing administrative practices and governmental institutions into a bureaucratic system based on the Western model. Inspired by the European state system, the Ottoman Empire broke its long and historical streak of militaristic statecraft in favor of changing its approach to foreign affairs.Show less
Canada’s history has been shaped by settler colonialism. The Indigenous populations who had lived on the territory prior to the arrival of European colonists are now marginalized groups. But how...Show moreCanada’s history has been shaped by settler colonialism. The Indigenous populations who had lived on the territory prior to the arrival of European colonists are now marginalized groups. But how did they go from being trading partners to being forced into reservations? This thesis investigates changes in notions of political authority of Indigenous Peoples in Canada in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The findings include proof for a plurality of practices between settlers and Indigenous communities in the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century, this plurality disappeared, and was replaced by the imposition of European practices on Indigenous Peoples. This change was due to a changing political landscape in the colony, with the Canadian colonial government gaining more independence and changing the doctrine on relations with Indigenous Peoples. These changes resulted in Indigenous Peoples being stripped of their political authority and ultimately falling under the authority of the Canadian colonial government, which had gained power in the same century.Show less
This bachelor's thesis examines to what extent did growing cross-border capital flows contribute to the treaty-making revolution of the 19th century. Through a case-study approach, the thesis...Show moreThis bachelor's thesis examines to what extent did growing cross-border capital flows contribute to the treaty-making revolution of the 19th century. Through a case-study approach, the thesis analyzes two significant cases, Latin America and the German Zollverein, to understand the relationship between cross-border capital flows and treaty-making innovations. The findings demonstrate that cross-border capital flows to a large extent contributed to treaty-making innovations in these two cases. In Latin America, debt relationships between newly independent states and lender banks became the basis for signing sovereignty-recognizing treaties, even without full territorial control. In Europe, the desire for greater cross-border capital flows and German economic integration led to the creation of the Zollverein, the first-ever customs-union agreement. The Zollverein treaties not only increased in quantity but also pushed treaty-making towards a more positivist direction, introducing clauses that standardized weights and currencies. The uniqueness of these Latin America and Zollverein cases, along with subsequent similar treaties, supports the conclusion that cross-border capital flows at least to some extent contributed to the treaty-making revolution of the 19th century.Show less
