In dit onderzoek is in kaart gebracht in welke mate de literaire socialisatie en etniciteit van een kind van invloed zijn op de leesfrequentie. De respondenten bestonden uit 120 groep 6 en 7...Show moreIn dit onderzoek is in kaart gebracht in welke mate de literaire socialisatie en etniciteit van een kind van invloed zijn op de leesfrequentie. De respondenten bestonden uit 120 groep 6 en 7 leerlingen van negen tot twaalf jaar oud (M = 10.33, SD = 0.68) en zijn geworven via 13 verschillende basisscholen in Nederland. Middels een online vragenlijst die is opgesteld met het programma Qualtrics is bij de kinderen nagevraagd wat hun leesgedrag is en of zij thuis gestimuleerd worden om te lezen. Deze vragenlijst hebben de kinderen thuis ingevuld. De respondenten zijn opgedeeld in de twee groepen Turks/Marokkaans en Nederlandse kinderen. De resultaten uit dit onderzoek wijzen erop dat de literaire socialisatie van een kind het meest van invloed is op de leesfrequentie ES = 0.19. Verder blijkt dat kinderen van Turks/Marokkaanse afkomst een significant lagere literaire socialisatie hebben dan Nederlandse kinderen ES = 1.06. Dit wijst erop dat de etniciteit minder invloed heeft dan de literaire socialisatie op de leesfrequentie van het kind. Er wordt geadviseerd om naast etniciteit en literaire socialisatie, meerdere factoren tegelijk mee te nemen, zoals leesvaardigheid, leesplezier en schoolse faciliteiten. Zo kan beter in kaart worden gebracht door welke factoren de leesfrequentie precies wordt beïnvloed.Show less
Sociale vaardigheden spelen een grote rol in het leven en ouders spelen een grote rol in de ontwikkeling hiervan. In dit onderzoek is de invloed van verschillende ouderlijke eigenschappen op de...Show moreSociale vaardigheden spelen een grote rol in het leven en ouders spelen een grote rol in de ontwikkeling hiervan. In dit onderzoek is de invloed van verschillende ouderlijke eigenschappen op de ontwikkeling van sociale vaardigheden bij jonge kinderen bestudeerd. Daarbij is eveneens onderzocht of verschillende risicofactoren, onder andere middelenmisbruik en psychopathologie, van invloed zijn op de moeder- en kindfactoren. De ouderlijke eigenschappen zijn ouderlijke warmte, ouderlijke vijandigheid, ouderlijke overbescherming en reflectief functioneren. De sociale vaardigheden zijn imiteren en delen. De steekproef bestond in totaal uit 42 moeders met een gemiddelde leeftijd van 22.1 jaar (SD = 2.63). De kinderen van deze moeders (56.8% meisjes) hadden een gemiddelde leeftijd van 20.0 maanden (SD = 0.84). Het reflectief functioneren is gemeten met behulp van het Pregnancy Interview (PI), het ouderlijk gedrag is gemeten met behulp van The Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (PACOTIS) en de sociale vaardigheden zijn gemeten met behulp van de Visual Perspectives (VP) en het Autisme Diagnostisch Observatie Schema (ADOS). Dit onderzoek toont aan de hoeveelheid risicofactoren aanwezig bij moeder een negatieve invloed heeft op het reflectief functioneren van moeder en de sociale vaardigheid imiteren van het kind. Daarnaast is er geen relatie gevonden tussen het reflectief functioneren van moeder, ouderlijke gedragingen en de ontwikkeling van sociale vaardigheden van het kind. Meer onderzoek is nodig voor meer duidelijkheid over de invloed van risicofactoren.Show less
In recent years, emphasis has been placed on an overall shortage of beta technicians in Dutch society. This deficiency can be reduced by stimulating beta-learning, which consists of the so-called ...Show moreIn recent years, emphasis has been placed on an overall shortage of beta technicians in Dutch society. This deficiency can be reduced by stimulating beta-learning, which consists of the so-called ‘beta skills’ (skills in mathematics, science and technology) and executive functions (EF; e.g., reasoning, working memory). Since it is unclear how to stimulate beta-learning, this study investigated the effect of a training for teachers in the Netherlands. The training focused on stimulating the EF of Dutch students of primary schools. It was examined whether an improvement in EF, as a result of the training, could mediate an improvement in beta skills. This study included 110 students aged 8 to 10 years old (fifth to eight grade) and their parents. The intervention group consisted of 64 children and their teachers, who had participated in the training and the control group consisted of 46 children and their teachers, who had not participated in the training. The EF were measured using a Dutch adaptation of the BRIEF. Numeracy, an appropriate indicator of beta skills, were measured using a standardized math test from Cito. A one-way repeated measures analysis showed no significant differences in EF and in numeracy between the intervention and the control group after one year. The expected mediation effect of the EF on numeracy was not confirmed in this study. In conclusion, in this study EF did not seem to mediate the effect of the training on beta skills. Nevertheless, a reduction of the shortage of beta technicians has been found the last year. Further research is needed, to investigate and stimulate this positive trend concerning beta technicians.Show less
Psychopathy causes a great burden for both the patient, his or her caregivers and for the rest of society. Secondary psychopathy seems to be environment-related and secondary psychopaths may...Show morePsychopathy causes a great burden for both the patient, his or her caregivers and for the rest of society. Secondary psychopathy seems to be environment-related and secondary psychopaths may therefore benefit from treatment. An important topic of psychopathy research is to examine what causes the development of secondary psychopathy in children. The prevalence of personality disorders is higher in ethnic minority groups within Western Europe. A possible explanation for the increased risk of personality disorders in ethnic minority groups is lower self-esteem, which can be caused by the experience of being isolated from a group. This study focused on the relationship between implicit and explicit self-esteem and secondary psychopathic traits in adolescents between 12 and 17 years and the effect of ethnicity on this relationship. Questionnaires were used to measure psychopathic traits and explicit self-esteem, respectively by the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Implicit self-esteem was determined with the aid of a computer task, the Implicit Association Task Self-Esteem, in which the reaction time was measured. As predicted, low self-esteem in Moroccan youth was correlated with higher levels of psychopathic traits and vice versa, which might be explained by the social-defeat model. On the contrary, this relationship wasn’t found for native Dutch adolescents. There seems to be no effect of social defeat for native Dutch adolescents. The ethnic differences in the relationship between self-esteem and psychopathic traits could not be explained by differences in socio-economic background. These results demonstrate that self-esteem is important in predicting secondary psychopathic traits in Moroccan youth. The social-defeat model gives an explanation for this relationship. In the future preventive programs should focus on increasing self-esteem, especially among ethnic minority groups, to reduce the chance of developing secondary psychopathic traits and psychopathy.Show less
The prevalence of people with a disorder in the autism spectrum (ASD) is estimated on 60 to 100 on 10.000 people. A deficit in executive functions is a possible explanation of the behavior shown in...Show moreThe prevalence of people with a disorder in the autism spectrum (ASD) is estimated on 60 to 100 on 10.000 people. A deficit in executive functions is a possible explanation of the behavior shown in ASD. Mothers of children with ASD experience stress in the daily intercourse with their child. The deficit in executive functions might be a predictor for this maternal stress, because the effort-reward proportion is out of balance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relation between executive functions of children and maternal stress and which of the executive functions contributes the most to maternal stress. This study included 29 mothers with their child (Mage= 4,47, SDage= 1.10). The participants were recruited at schools, libary’s, social assistance organisations and throughsocial networks. The NOSI was used to mearsure maternal stress, the SRS was used to measure signs of autism, the BRIEF-p was used to measure executive functions of the child. Significant correlations were found between all EF and maternal stress: inhibition r=.75 (p<.01), cognitive flexibility r=.72 (p<.01), working memory r=.73 (p<.01), planning and organizing r=.78, (p<.01). The correlations between signs of autism and maternal stress was r=.86 (p<.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that Autism symptoms, β=.62, t(23)=4.59, p<.01, and planning and organization, β=.34, t(23)=2.49, p=.02, contributed to maternal stress and explained 80% of the stress. Signs of autism contributed the most. Results and suggestions for future research are discussed.Show less
Introduction: Research on the development of executive functions (EF) in children can focus on multiple facets, but can also focus on a specific part such as planning, working memory and inhibition...Show moreIntroduction: Research on the development of executive functions (EF) in children can focus on multiple facets, but can also focus on a specific part such as planning, working memory and inhibition. The various executive functions can be distinguished clearly from each other, but cannot be seen independently. There is no clear data on the differences in the development of EF between boys and girls in their childhood. The present study focuses on the development of the executive functions planning, inhibition and working memory in boys and girls aged four to seven years over a period of one year. Methods: This study consisted of 462 children of the data from the ongoing study ‘Talentenkracht’. The data was collected between January to April 2009 (T1) and between January to May 2010 (T2). In this study, the executive functions planning (subtest "zoo map" of the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children (BADS-NL)), inhibition (subtest GoNoGo of the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT)) and working memory (subtest Spatial Temporal Sequencing (STS) on the ANT) were investigated. Using paired-samples T-tests and univariate analyses of variance, the relation and development of the three executive functions, gender and age have been studied. Results: This study involved 247 boys (53.5%) and 215 girls (46.5%). The mean age (M) at T1 was 5.2 years and at T2 6.2 years. The mean outcome on T1 for planning was -1.45, inhibition 34.4 and working memory 12.0. This was at T2 -1.03, 28.4 and 22.4, respectively. For boys and girls, there was a significant difference in mean outcomes between T1 and T2 for inhibition and working memory. The development of inhibition has a significant relationship with gender at T1 and T2. Both measurements remained significantly different after adjustment for age. In the development of the working memory, there is both a significant relationship with age at T1 as well as at T2. Conclusions: The present study showed differences in the development of the executive functions planning, inhibition and working memory in boys and girls aged four to seven years. Apart from the expected (natural) development of the EF over a period of 11.3 months average, gender was also a profound influence on inhibition. As for planning, no significant results did occur. In the development of the EF memory, time is more indicative than gender.Show less
Zowel het Executief Functioneren als temperament zijn onderliggend aan gedrag en heel brein bepaald. Het doel van deze studie is het verband tussen deze twee constructen te onderzoeken bij kinderen...Show moreZowel het Executief Functioneren als temperament zijn onderliggend aan gedrag en heel brein bepaald. Het doel van deze studie is het verband tussen deze twee constructen te onderzoeken bij kinderen van 2 tot en met 5 jaar. Voor jonge kinderen is dit verband nog niet eerder onderzocht. De vragenlijsten BRIEF-P, en ECBQ of CBQ zijn afgenomen bij 657 kinderen. Correlationeel onderzoek is uitgevoerd om het verband tussen de verschillende componenten van temperament (Effortful Control, Negatieve Emotionaliteit en Extraversie) en EF te onderzoeken. De resultaten hebben aangetoond dat EF redelijk samenhangt met temperament en dat deze samenhang vooral wordt veroorzaakt door de hoge correlatie met negatieve emotionaliteit. Dit onderzoek toont aan dat kinderen die problemen hebben met EF beschikken over minder goede zelfregulerende eigenschappen, meer negatieve emoties vertonen en gemiddeld extraverter zijn dan kinderen die geen problemen ondervinden op het gebied van EF. Voor jongens was het verband tussen EF en temperament op tweejarige leeftijd het sterkt, de sterkte nam af naarmate zij ouder werden. Voor de meisjes echter was deze relatie op vierjarige leeftijd het sterkst, bij hen was de sterkte van het verband niet stabiel voor leeftijd. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat er sprake is van een redelijk verband tussen EF en temperament en zowel sekse als leeftijd spelen daarbij een rol.Show less
