Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
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The present research investigated the association between Machiavellianism and different behavioural responses in a novel economic game. The main purpose of the research was to reveal the patterns...Show moreThe present research investigated the association between Machiavellianism and different behavioural responses in a novel economic game. The main purpose of the research was to reveal the patterns of behaviours associated with the Machiavellian personality in a setting in which acting in a cooperative and competitive manner are both feasible options.The results of the research suggest that there is a negative association between Machiavellianism and cooperation. Individuals with higher level of Machiavellianism tended to invest more resources to competition, relative to cooperation. No association was found between Machiavellianism and choosing peace in the economic game. Lastly, performance in the game could, also, not be predicted by one’s Machiavellian inclinations. We can conclude that, even when given the possibility to compete and cooperate at the same time, Machiavellians still tend to exhibit a higher propensity towards non-cooperative responses and a slightly higher propensity towards competitive behaviours compared to low Machiavellians.Show less
In this paper we extended the work of Makel et al. (2012) by finding the replication rate for the years 2012 till 2020. We found a replication rate of 1.39%. Compared to the 1.07% replication rate...Show moreIn this paper we extended the work of Makel et al. (2012) by finding the replication rate for the years 2012 till 2020. We found a replication rate of 1.39%. Compared to the 1.07% replication rate found by Makel et al. (2012) this is roughly 0.22% higher, which is roughly a 30% increase. This is a smaller increase than what we had hoped to find after the release of their paper and the expected effects of this release. With this we can conclude that the research community still undervalues the creation of replication papers. This finding implicates the importance of figuring out what is keeping researchers from performing replications. In the rest of this study we’ve made a head start at answering the question of why this might be the case. We expected to find that researchers undervalue replications due to them having too little impact on the scientific success of papers. We measured this by comparing the Mean Normalized Citation Scores (MNCS) of papers, depending on the type of replication they received and the success rate of the replication, to the average MNCS of papers. We found no significant differences for papers that received direct successful, direct unsuccessful and failed conceptual replications. We found significantly lower MNCS for papers that received successful conceptual replications. The effects of conceptual replications were inverted to our expectations. This is something that needs further attention in future research. Finally we also looked at if direct replications had more impact on the MNCS of original papers than conceptual replications. We did not find a significant difference in effects, but our findings of this are inconclusive due to the inverted relation of conceptual replications and the MNCS of their original papers. Our results show that replication studies do not appear to be significantly impacting the success level of their original papers (except for successful conceptual replications). The insignificant impact of replications papers may therefore play a role in the undervaluation of replications in the scientific research community. We invite other researchers to further explore the reasons for the undervaluation. Hopefully, by this, we will rather sooner than later get to a world with reliable and validated research.Show less
Human Factor research in automation suggests that trust strongly affects how drivers interact with Level 2 technology. Understanding its capabilities and limitations is important for calibrating...Show moreHuman Factor research in automation suggests that trust strongly affects how drivers interact with Level 2 technology. Understanding its capabilities and limitations is important for calibrating trust and overall safety on the roads. In the present study we examined how drivers’ self-reported trust develops before having had experience (pre-test), immediately after having had experience (post-test), and five to seven days after having had experience (follow-up) with a Level 2 (Partial Automation) vehicle in a driving simulator. Additionally, we investigated the possibility for video procedure effect on self-reported trust. Results were against our expectations and showed that self-reported trust decreased after having had more experience with the Level 2 (Partial Automation) vehicle and different for each of the two videos. This study also investigated the role of sense of presence in a simulated driving experience. Analysis of the results and drivers’ feedback showed that generally low scores on sense of presence could be possibly explained for by the lack of involvement and predictability.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
Rules regulate society as they help to predict social interactions. Groups, however, do not always abide by rules. Instead, they break them when the conditions are right. Here we hypothesized that...Show moreRules regulate society as they help to predict social interactions. Groups, however, do not always abide by rules. Instead, they break them when the conditions are right. Here we hypothesized that rule abidance behavior is determined by a) an individual choosing another for mutual benefit based on their reputation and b) the social-environmental incentives like fairness and dishonesty. We had three participants building a reputation for their willingness to abide by or break rules. A fourth participant used that information to choose one to three participants, then played several rounds of a dictator game and a die-roll task. Participants were chosen more often when their reputation was in line with environmental incentives, where merely transitioning from one environment to another strengthened that effect. Regulators should therefore ensure the consistency and kinds of environmental incentives that individuals in power positions face across environments for controlling resulting rule abidance behavior.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
Previous research investigating the factors that shape a person’s degree of intergroup prejudice has focused primarily on relatively high level ideological and personality traits. In a largely...Show morePrevious research investigating the factors that shape a person’s degree of intergroup prejudice has focused primarily on relatively high level ideological and personality traits. In a largely separate body of work, psychophysiological predispositions towards threat sensitivity have been linked to ideological constructs. The current work integrates these two bodies of work by introducing a novel approach to measure implicit threat sensitivity and (theoretically) linking it to intergroup prejudice. Specifically, it was investigated whether individual differences in cognitively assessed sensitivity to threatening information were associated with a greater degree of implicit bias and explicit prejudice towards a stereotypically threatening minority-group (i.e., Muslims). While results did not support a relationship between threat sensitivity and intergroup prejudice, exploratory data, as well as limitations and implications of the current work, encourage future research.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
Minority activists benefit from the support of those advantaged in a system of inequality to alter the status quo. However, previous research suggests that members of advantaged groups often engage...Show moreMinority activists benefit from the support of those advantaged in a system of inequality to alter the status quo. However, previous research suggests that members of advantaged groups often engage in solidarity activism to bolster the moral image of their ingroup. We theorised that taking the moral high ground can be its own antecedent of collective action behaviour. In two studies, we investigated the role of group-based moral superiority in motivating collective action behaviour of solidarity activists in the Black Lives Matter movement. In Study 1 (n = 218) we examined the relationship between group-based moral superiority and both collective action intentions and activism persistence above and beyond traditional measures of collective action (i.e., SIMCA, Van Zomeren et al., 2008, 2012). In Study 2 (n = 209) we then manipulated group-based moral superiority experimentally to test whether higher levels of group-based moral superiority lead to increased collective action behaviour. Across both studies, we found support that group-based moral superiority plays an indirect role in increasing collective action intentions through stronger politicised group identification. The same indirect relationship was found for activism persistence in Study 1 but was not replicated in Study 2. We discuss implications of our findings for theory, future research directions, and practical aspects of collective action.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
Humans regularly face collective problems calling for cooperation. To solve such problems, people can establish public goods that require contributions from individual members and benefit the whole...Show moreHumans regularly face collective problems calling for cooperation. To solve such problems, people can establish public goods that require contributions from individual members and benefit the whole group, e.g. public health care and infrastructure. It has been suggested that in modern society people have become less dependent on the creation of public goods and more able to solve problems individually (Santos, Varnum, & Grossmann, 2017). Nevertheless, solving shared problems individually is tied to resources that are often unequally distributed between people. Inequality (Zelmer, 2003) and individualism (Gross & De Dreu, 2019) can complicate cooperation, however, their interplay is largely unknown. We confronted 50 groups (N = 200) with a public goods game with the additional option to solve a shared problem individually through a private solution. Across groups, group members had either an equal or an unequal resource distribution. The private solution allowed wealthier group members to leave the group and avoid contributing to the public good. This resulted in increased inequality. Specifically, the easier it was to opt for a private solution, the higher the inequality was. We further investigated voting preferences and fairness perceptions by having sixty-one impartial raters complete the task from a third-party perspective. The third-party players preferred a more equitable solution that would result in lower inequality. While group members dependent on the public solution voted for delegating allocation decisions to the third party, the wealthier, and thus, more independent members voted against it revealing self-serving motives. Our findings highlight unique problems emerging with self-reliance in the face of global issues, such as a pandemic and global warming, that require cooperation. Especially, when self-reliance is only affordable for some, collective action can fail and further increase wealth gaps.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
As the negative consequences of debts are substantial, it is important that indebted people seek and accept help. However, people in debt are often reluctant to contact the creditor and identify...Show moreAs the negative consequences of debts are substantial, it is important that indebted people seek and accept help. However, people in debt are often reluctant to contact the creditor and identify shame as a barrier. Moreover, they experience a lack of acknowledgement when communicating with creditors. Given the human need for acknowledgement and the suggestion that acknowledgement can reduce shame, the current study examined the effect of acknowledgement on indebted people’s willingness to contact the creditor and explored the role of financial shame. To this end, 206 native English-speaking people with current or past debts completed an online experiment in which they read either a standard creditor letter or a creditor letter in which the creditor acknowledged the situation of the person in debt. Willingness to contact the creditor and financial shame did not differ between participants who read a creditor letter in which their situations were acknowledged and those whose read a standard creditor letter. However, higher financial shame was associated with lower willingness to contact. We conclude that acknowledging indebted people’s situations is not enough to increase their willingness to contact the creditor. Future research could test other ways to address and reduce the financial shame.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
Past studies have offered conflicting findings on how wealth affects the way people behave when self-interest and fairness considerations are in conflict. The present study aimed to investigate...Show morePast studies have offered conflicting findings on how wealth affects the way people behave when self-interest and fairness considerations are in conflict. The present study aimed to investigate this conflict further by using the household task to experimentally induce the feeling of financial scarcity, then having the participants play an ultimatum game as both the proposer and responder. It was expected that people who experienced scarcity would make lower offers in the ultimatum game than those who experienced abundance. Furthermore, I hypothesized that people who experienced scarcity would accept lower offers in the ultimatum game than those who experienced scarcity. The first hypothesis was supported by the data, however the second one was not. It appears that under financial scarcity people become more motivated to serve their self-interest and are less interested in fairness considerations.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
open access
In public areas, people often encounter situations of close proximity to others where it is likely that an individual’s personal space (PS) gets intruded. PS is the area surrounding an individual...Show moreIn public areas, people often encounter situations of close proximity to others where it is likely that an individual’s personal space (PS) gets intruded. PS is the area surrounding an individual that includes the intimate and personal domain (within 1.50 meters of a person). We aimed to investigate the role of PS in seating behavior and to extend previous research by distinguishing an immediate PS consideration (i.e., considering PS in the immediate situation) from an anticipated PS consideration (i.e., considering PS also in a possible future situation). We conducted an observational study (N = 237), an open-ended question study (N = 40), and an experimental online study using a mixed-design (N = 325) in the context of choosing a seat in a railway station concourse. The results revealed that most participants chose a seat outside their intimate and personal domain. We concluded that people try to safeguard their PS. Furthermore, immediate and anticipated PS considerations both play a role in seating behavior; however, both are merely facets of PS rather than two exclusive concepts. With our results, we hope to extend the theory of PS as well as inform and possibly influence the design of seating arrangements to optimize people’s well-being in public areas.Show less
