Financial scarcity forms a heavy burden, both on individuals and society. Being unable to meet your basic needs can threaten autonomy. Coping styles determine how individuals handle this adversity...Show moreFinancial scarcity forms a heavy burden, both on individuals and society. Being unable to meet your basic needs can threaten autonomy. Coping styles determine how individuals handle this adversity and contribute to the likelihood of help acceptance. The current study investigated the moderating effect of problem-focused coping on the association between implicit need for autonomy and help acceptance. British participants completed a survey consisting of the Picture Story Exercise, a help acceptance questionnaire and the Brief-Cope. The study showed that neither need for autonomy, nor problem-focused coping is predictive for help acceptance. Furthermore, problem-focused coping did not moderate the association between need for autonomy and help acceptance. Exploratory analyses indicated that emotion-focused or avoidant coping did not moderate this association. Future studies should include indebted participants to reliably investigate the complexity of financial scarcity. Such findings could provide insights for debt agencies on effective help for people facing (financial) adversity.Show less
Lack of contact is one of the reasons people in debt cannot receive the help they need to improve their financial situation. Therefore, this study focuses on whether increasing shame resilience for...Show moreLack of contact is one of the reasons people in debt cannot receive the help they need to improve their financial situation. Therefore, this study focuses on whether increasing shame resilience for people in debt leads to more willingness to contact their creditor. Literature shows that indebted people experience shame over their situation. This shame causes them to show avoidance behaviour and ignore the creditors that reach out for contact. The Shame Resilience Theory (SRT; Brown, 2006) states that an increased sense of power and a decreased feeling of being trapped can cause someone to become more resilient to shame. Besides, where shame leads to avoidance behaviour, feeling powerful leads to approach behaviour (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Thus, based on SRT we hypothesised that increasing power, decreasing feelings of being trapped, and a combination of the latter, leads to an increase of willingness to contact a creditor compared to the control group. Participants (n = 182) were randomly divided into four conditions: the power, the trapped, the combined, and the control condition. Each condition received a different manipulation. As a result, increasing power increased participants’ willingness to contact. More research is suggested on reducing feeling trapped and its effect on willingness to contact.Show less
Humans frequently need to cooperate, especially when facing collective threats such as natural disasters, pandemics or climate change. Recent scientific findings suggest that the model response to...Show moreHumans frequently need to cooperate, especially when facing collective threats such as natural disasters, pandemics or climate change. Recent scientific findings suggest that the model response to threats is not, as previously thought, characterized by selfishness, but rather prosocial in nature. The current study aims to replicate a previously observed positive effect of threat on cooperation, and investigates whether the effect of threat is comparable to the cooperation-inducing effect of peer punishment. During a public goods game, participants in groups of three were exposed to the threat of an electric shock, while their heart rate and skin conductance were recorded to verify the successful induction of the neurophysiological freezing response. Additionally, half of the groups were given the option to utilize costly peer punishment to enforce cooperation. The analysis suggests that the freezing response was successfully induced and that peer punishment facilitated cooperation. However, contrary to our expectations, threat did not have a significant positive effect on cooperation.Show less
Mediation is a form of conflict intervention, where a neutral third party helps and guides the parties involved in the conflict to reach a mutually beneficial decision. There are various mediation...Show moreMediation is a form of conflict intervention, where a neutral third party helps and guides the parties involved in the conflict to reach a mutually beneficial decision. There are various mediation styles, but the focus of this thesis is on facilitative and directive mediation style. Specifically, this quantitative study used the context of the workplace and examined the role of personality, cultural values and gender on influencing the employee’s preferred mediation style. Recruited participants voluntarily filled out a set of questionnaires in exchange for the results of their personality test and the possibility to win €25. Multiple linear regressions and an independent t-test were conducted to analyse the data from sixty-two participants. The results showed that employees who rated themselves high on extraversion showed a preference for directive mediation style, while employees who rated themselves high on neuroticism showed a preference for facilitative mediation style. Further on, male employees who rated themselves as higher in neuroticism were more likely to prefer facilitative mediation style, while male employees who rated themselves as lower in neuroticism were more likely to prefer directive mediation style. However, on its own, both gender and cultural values did not significantly predict employees’ preferred mediation style.Show less
We assumed that conspiracy belief would be associated with greater interoceptive sensitivity (i.e., people’s perceptions of their internal bodily activity). Specifically, people who believe in...Show moreWe assumed that conspiracy belief would be associated with greater interoceptive sensitivity (i.e., people’s perceptions of their internal bodily activity). Specifically, people who believe in conspiracy theories (CTs) may rely more heavily on their “gut feelings” and intuitions than people who do not believe in CTs. As a first test of this possible relationship, we examined whether interoceptive sensitivity is related to greater conspiracy mentality (CM) using a heartbeat detection task (N = 67). Further, we expected the relation between interoceptive sensitivity and CM to be positively mediated by faith in intuition and negatively mediated by analytical thinking. Contrary to our predictions, there was no relationship between interoceptive sensitivity and CM (β = -.15, p = .222). Mediation analyses did not reveal a mediated effect of intuitive or analytical thinking either. Yet, consistent with previous research, CM was related to analytical thinking and faith in intuition, albeit only marginally to the latter. Importantly, all results should be considered with caution, as our study has insufficient power. Further research on the relation between conspiracy beliefs and interoceptive sensitivity using well-suited manipulations is needed. Such research may have wide ranging implications for our understanding of conspiracy as well as ideological beliefs.Show less
Outgroup helping serves various strategic motives, for example to communicate ingroup warmth and competence. However, unsolicited help is not always beneficial for the recipient, as it could cause...Show moreOutgroup helping serves various strategic motives, for example to communicate ingroup warmth and competence. However, unsolicited help is not always beneficial for the recipient, as it could cause feelings of inferiority and incompetence. Furthermore, it is not always judged positively by third party observers. This study investigated how third party observers judge outgroup helping with a motive to appear either moral or social. Based on literature on moral hypocrisy and tainted altruism, it was expected that help providers with a strategic motive to appear moral would be judged more negatively compared to help providers with a strategic motive to appear social. A scenario experiment was conducted, in which participants (N = 209) read a scenario in which the motive to offer help (e.g. to appear moral or social) and whether this was in line with whom they really are (reality congruence) was manipulated. The results confirmed that participants judged the help providers more negatively when the motive to provide help was incongruent with how they really are. However, unexpectedly, help providers who helped an outgroup in order to present themselves as being moral, were not judged more negatively compared to help providers who helped outgroup members in order to appear social. These results are at odds with literature on moral hypocrisy, which describes that it would be perceived as hypocrite when one would lie about being moral, because morality comprises traits such as honesty and integrity. The results suggest that morality and sociability are not as independent as previously thought.Show less
This experimental study examines the effects of social value orientation and accountability on the choices made in a volunteer’s dilemma. This is a dilemma in which at least one person must...Show moreThis experimental study examines the effects of social value orientation and accountability on the choices made in a volunteer’s dilemma. This is a dilemma in which at least one person must sacrifice their time and effort for everyone to have the benefits. In the experiment I used 156 participants (N = 156). 88 of them were men. The participants in this study were divided in groups of three before being presented with the volunteer’s dilemma. A logistic regression analysis showed that being prosocial did not have a significant influence on participants’ choice to volunteer and that being held accountable for this choice did not either. This outcome is different from what would be expected based on existing literature. At the end of this thesis, theoretical and practical implications are discussed and suggestions for follow-up research are considered.Show less
In this paper we extended the work of Makel et al. (2012) by finding the replication rate for the years 2012 till 2020. We found a replication rate of 1.39%. Compared to the 1.07% replication rate...Show moreIn this paper we extended the work of Makel et al. (2012) by finding the replication rate for the years 2012 till 2020. We found a replication rate of 1.39%. Compared to the 1.07% replication rate found by Makel et al. (2012) this is roughly 0.22% higher, which is roughly a 30% increase. This is a smaller increase than what we had hoped to find after the release of their paper and the expected effects of this release. With this we can conclude that the research community still undervalues the creation of replication papers. This finding implicates the importance of figuring out what is keeping researchers from performing replications. In the rest of this study we’ve made a head start at answering the question of why this might be the case. We expected to find that researchers undervalue replications due to them having too little impact on the scientific success of papers. We measured this by comparing the Mean Normalized Citation Scores (MNCS) of papers, depending on the type of replication they received and the success rate of the replication, to the average MNCS of papers. We found no significant differences for papers that received direct successful, direct unsuccessful and failed conceptual replications. We found significantly lower MNCS for papers that received successful conceptual replications. The effects of conceptual replications were inverted to our expectations. This is something that needs further attention in future research. Finally we also looked at if direct replications had more impact on the MNCS of original papers than conceptual replications. We did not find a significant difference in effects, but our findings of this are inconclusive due to the inverted relation of conceptual replications and the MNCS of their original papers. Our results show that replication studies do not appear to be significantly impacting the success level of their original papers (except for successful conceptual replications). The insignificant impact of replications papers may therefore play a role in the undervaluation of replications in the scientific research community. We invite other researchers to further explore the reasons for the undervaluation. Hopefully, by this, we will rather sooner than later get to a world with reliable and validated research.Show less
This study examines the factors that influence the job hopefulness and job search intentions of job seekers with a disability and/or health impairment. Perceived labour market discrimination,...Show moreThis study examines the factors that influence the job hopefulness and job search intentions of job seekers with a disability and/or health impairment. Perceived labour market discrimination, occupational self-efficacy (OCSE) and coping (preparation and raising awareness) are taken into account. The online cross-sectional survey was distributed through organisations and Academic Prolific, resulting in both Dutch and native English-speaking participants, with different types of disabilities and health-impairments (N = 169). A multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived labour market discrimination did not relate to OCSE beyond control variables (age, job status). A mediation analysis found that perceived labour market discrimination related directly and negatively to job hopefulness, without mediation by OCSE. Another multiple regression analysis found that OCSE related directly and positively to job hopefulness beyond control variables (age, handicap visibility). A subsequent mediation analysis found a positive direct effect of OCSE on job search, but this was not mediated by job hopefulness. Lastly, moderation analyses showed no significant moderation by either of the coping styles on the relationship between perceived labour market discrimination and OCSE. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations and suggestions for further research, are also discussed.Show less
How are effects of social motive affected by asymmetric power dispersion in a three-person negotiation, and does this effect differ between groups of friends and strangers? It was hypothesized that...Show moreHow are effects of social motive affected by asymmetric power dispersion in a three-person negotiation, and does this effect differ between groups of friends and strangers? It was hypothesized that pro-social groups would reach the highest joint outcomes with a leader operating under an unanimity decision rule, followed by groups with a dictator, followed groups without a boss. A pro-self group with a dictator was thought to reach the lowest joint outcomes, followed by one with a leader, followed one without a boss. It was furthermore hypothesized that the effects of a pro-self motive would be stronger in a group of strangers, and the effects of a pro-social motive were thought to be stronger in a group of friends. Results of the three-person Aloha Beach Club negotiation game supported only the hypotheses about the amplifying effect of power differences on social motive.Show less
In this study we were interested in seeing what factors influence whether people share videos of a misfortune online. Previous research has pointed out a relationship between schadenfreude, sharing...Show moreIn this study we were interested in seeing what factors influence whether people share videos of a misfortune online. Previous research has pointed out a relationship between schadenfreude, sharing, deservingness and envy and explored the link between social stereotyping and scha- denfreude. Therefore, the present study (N= 150) explored whether the two dimensions of the Stereotype Content Model, warmth and competence have an effect on schadenfreude and whether schadenfreude is related to sharing videos. We also tested whether competence and warmth are related to schadenfreude through envy, deservingness, and expectancy. Results showed that schadenfreude is related to sharing videos. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that high competence and low warmth elicit schadenfreude. Additionally, unlike we anticipated competence and warmth did not lead to deservingness and envy. However, a main effect of high competence on expectancy was found which states that perceiving a person as highly competent leads to more expectancy of their misfortune. Finally, this research concludes that people find it pleasing when highly competent and cold individuals go through a bad experi- ence, and this increases their willingness to share their schadenfreude with others.Show less
This study used a social identity approach to examine how non-profit organizations (NPOs) may motivate people that have different identity characteristics than their existing volunteers to become a...Show moreThis study used a social identity approach to examine how non-profit organizations (NPOs) may motivate people that have different identity characteristics than their existing volunteers to become a new volunteer for the organization. It was proposed that for this target group recruitment messages of NPOs that address positive social identity characteristics would instill feelings of anticipated respect and organizational trust, and via these mediators would increase willingness to become a volunteer, positive word of mouth, and organizational attractiveness. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a study with a 4-cell between-subjects experimental design (organizational morality, organizational warmth, communications about the social identity value vs. control condition). Our sample consisted of members of the general public, recruited through Academic Prolific, that were visibly different from the volunteers of the organization presented (N = 184). Analysis of variance first showed that the manipulations of organizational warmth and communications about social identity value were successful, while the manipulation of organizational morality didn’t work. Further, analysis of variance revealed that perceptions of organizational warmth lead to organizational trust and anticipated respect, while communications about social identity value only triggered feelings of anticipated respect. Mediation regression analysis showed that recruitment messages underlining organizational warmth lead to organizational attractiveness perceptions via both mediators, and lead to positive word of mouth through organizational trust. Communications about social identity value lead to positive word of mouth via anticipated respect. No indirect link between positive characteristics and willingness to become a volunteer was found. Theoretical and practical contributions, limitations, and suggestions for new research are discussed.Show less
This research addresses the willingness to join a nonprofit organization as a volunteer of people who perceive that their social identity is different from the social identity of the current...Show moreThis research addresses the willingness to join a nonprofit organization as a volunteer of people who perceive that their social identity is different from the social identity of the current volunteers of the organization. Specifically, a social identity approach was applied, and it was predicted that for non-volunteers who have atypical social identities the organizational warmth, organizational morality, and organizational communications about the value of social identity, would influence the motivation to join the non-profit organization through psychological safety and organizational trust as mediators. The online research, for which non-volunteers who have atypical social identities were recruited as research participants via the Academic Prolific Online Platform (n = 184), had a 4-cell between subjects’ experimental design (organizational warmth, organizational morality, communications of social identity value versus ‘Wikipedia information’ control condition). The participants were presented the US Fire Brigade as type of non-profit organization, were thereafter randomly allocated across the experimental conditions, and subsequently completed a questionnaire that recorded the variables of the research. The data was analyzed using one-way ANOVAs and multiple mediating regressions analyses. ANOVAs showed that the manipulations of organizational warmth and the organizational communications about the value of social identity were successful, but also that the manipulation of organizational morality was not successful. Subsequently, a one-way ANOVA showed that organizational warmth and the organizational communications about the value of social identity instilled trust in the organization and sense of psychological safety in the participants. Thereafter, mediation regression analyses showed that organizational warmth and organizational communications about social identity value related significantly and indirectly related to the motivation to join the non-profit organization as a volunteer through organizational trust and sense of psychological safety. The implications, limitations, and suggestions for further research, of the study are discussed.Show less
Human Factor research in automation suggests that trust strongly affects how drivers interact with Level 2 technology. Understanding its capabilities and limitations is important for calibrating...Show moreHuman Factor research in automation suggests that trust strongly affects how drivers interact with Level 2 technology. Understanding its capabilities and limitations is important for calibrating trust and overall safety on the roads. In the present study we examined how drivers’ self-reported trust develops before having had experience (pre-test), immediately after having had experience (post-test), and five to seven days after having had experience (follow-up) with a Level 2 (Partial Automation) vehicle in a driving simulator. Additionally, we investigated the possibility for video procedure effect on self-reported trust. Results were against our expectations and showed that self-reported trust decreased after having had more experience with the Level 2 (Partial Automation) vehicle and different for each of the two videos. This study also investigated the role of sense of presence in a simulated driving experience. Analysis of the results and drivers’ feedback showed that generally low scores on sense of presence could be possibly explained for by the lack of involvement and predictability.Show less
