Abstract Background At this moment, there are more refugees than ever before. Refugees have more chance of developing psychopathology, which can be explained from the (biosocial) ecological models....Show moreAbstract Background At this moment, there are more refugees than ever before. Refugees have more chance of developing psychopathology, which can be explained from the (biosocial) ecological models. Individual and environmental traits influence the development, course and treatment of psychopathology. An unstable environment might cause more stress and mental health issues. The aim of this meta-analysis is to research how effective psychotherapy is for treating PTSD in refugees, and if age as individual factor and language/ cultural adaptation as environmental factor influence the treatment efficacy. Methodology A systematic review with different meta-analyses. Results Systematic researches provided 132 effect sizes within 80 suitable studies. The overall effect size of treating PTSD was significant (Cohen’s d = -0.941, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the mean effect sizes of treating PTSD between children, adolescents and adults. There was no difference in treatment efficacy as a function of the level of language or cultural adaptation found. Discussion and conclusion These results show that psychotherapy significantly lowers PTSD symptoms in refugees. However, our results do not find evidence for the proposed (biosocial) ecological models since age and adaptation are not associated with treatment efficacy. Moreover, there is a large difference in treatment efficacy between refugees and non-refugees, this might be caused by the different structural designs between the studies included in this meta-analysis. Future research should consider these different structural designs and should research more environmental factors that can increase treatment efficacy.Show less
France and Germany suffered from terrorist attacks and had an increase flow of migrants fleeing from Syria and Iraq in 2015 and 2016 (Helbling & Meierrieks, 2020). This caused many people to...Show moreFrance and Germany suffered from terrorist attacks and had an increase flow of migrants fleeing from Syria and Iraq in 2015 and 2016 (Helbling & Meierrieks, 2020). This caused many people to believe that migrants needed to be blamed for the terrorist attacks happening in both countries. However, many attacks against migrants or their accommodations occurred in Germany and France in 2015 and 2016 that could have provoked migrants to radicalize (Schmid, 2016). Furthermore, not all migrants are potential terrorists, and some want to live a better life in another country (Schmid, 2016). In addition, in both countries there was a rise of right-wing parties that were known for their anti-immigration stance (Jäckle & König, 2018). Therefore, this thesis is going to compare the political situation, the migration flow, the increase of terrorist attacks and the rise of right-wing attacks against migrants to understand if migration led to the rise of terrorist attacks in Germany and France in 2015 and 2016. Furthermore, this thesis will also focus on migrants as victims and not only as potential terrorists. Several databases and academic papers were used to find out if migration caused the increase in terrorism in Germany and France. After doing extensive research, the result was that migration did not lead to the increase in terrorist attacks in Germany and France in 2015 and 2016. However, the right-wing attacks against migrants could provoke them to radicalize and execute terrorist attacks in their host state.Show less
Amid the war in Ukraine, Russia relocated a substantial number of Ukrainian refugees to its territory, with a significant portion compelled to seek shelter in the Siberian Federal District and the...Show moreAmid the war in Ukraine, Russia relocated a substantial number of Ukrainian refugees to its territory, with a significant portion compelled to seek shelter in the Siberian Federal District and the Far Eastern Federal District. This study delves into the historical and contemporary migration patterns considering Siberia, revealing Russia's persistent drive to populate this region. By examining coerced migrations in the past, alongside the challenges of a declining population in Siberia today, and analyzing the current relocation of refugees to these areas, this research highlights the cyclical nature present in the Imperial, Soviet, and Russian governments' efforts. The programmes and initiatives, implemented by the Imperial, Soviet, and Russian governments to populate the Siberian Federal District and the Far Eastern Federal District, may achieve initial success but eventually encounter difficulties leading to individuals moving out of Siberia again. The resettlement of Ukrainian refugees in Siberia underscores Russia's ongoing pursuit of a "Siberian Solution," shedding light on the intricate dynamics of compelled population movements within the region.Show less
In dit onderzoek is een meta-analyse uitgevoerd naar de behandeleffecten van cognitieve gedragstherapie (CGT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprossing (EMDR) en narratieve exposure therapie ...Show moreIn dit onderzoek is een meta-analyse uitgevoerd naar de behandeleffecten van cognitieve gedragstherapie (CGT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprossing (EMDR) en narratieve exposure therapie (NET) op vluchtelingen die gediagnosticeerd zijn met posttraumatische stressstoornis of symptomen van deze stoornis vertonen. Ook is onderzocht of er een verschil in effectiviteit van deze behandelvormen is voor kinderen en volwassen. Aangezien veel vluchtelingen van niet-westerse komaf zijn, is in dit onderzoek ook het moderatoreffect van cultuur- en taalaanpassing op de behandelvorm opgenomen. Een systematische literatuuronderzoek is uitgevoerd en hieruit zijn 34 studies geselecteerd die relevant zijn gebleken voor dit onderzoek volgens de inclusiecriteria. In het programma JASP zijn de analyses uitgevoerd. De meta-analyse heeft aangetoond dat CGT (-1.33, CI [-1.84, -0.82]), EMDR (-1.26, CI [-1.78, -0.74]) en NET –(1.12, CI [-1.56, 0.69]) significante behandeleffecten hebben. Tussen de behandelingen zijn geen significante effect verschillen te zien (p > 0.05). Hieruit kan geconcludeerd worden dat de resultaten van de hoofdeffecten van de behandelingen gelijkwaardig zijn aan elkaar. Dit ondersteunt het dodo bird verdict die stelt dat er geen verschillen waarneembaar zijn tussen psychotherapieën. Verschillen in behandeleffectiviteit bij kinderen en volwassen zijn niet aangetoond door gebrek aan significantie (d = 0.109, p = 0.78). Het toevoegen van de variabele taal- en cultuuradaptatie bleek geen significant effect aan te tonen (d = -0.031, p = 0.926).Show less
The Syrian Refugee Crisis has, since it happened in 2015, reshaped the face of migration in the European continent, marking various responses to how refugees are perceived and how borders need to...Show moreThe Syrian Refugee Crisis has, since it happened in 2015, reshaped the face of migration in the European continent, marking various responses to how refugees are perceived and how borders need to be enforced. EU states are expected to protect the geographical borders that fall under their jurisdiction, while simultaneously being confronted with a large influx of refugees. Investigating a refugee camp in VIAL, Chios through oral interviews conducted with workers who are employed there, this thesis will answer: what is the perception of the impact that refugees living in Chios have, and how is that manifested in border management discourse? To successfully do so, the responses of the workers will be analyzed, as a case study to understand refugees' conditions in Aegean hotspots. In doing so, it also explores what infrastructure is needed to help refugees transition towards becoming parts of the societies in which they have arrived: and even what sort of urban planning needs to be altered to make such an existence plausible. The role that various actors play in VIAL, Chios is presented, along with the limitations and pitfalls of what they can do for the populations residing there. Competing narratives on the migration debate are presented, as well as the ambivalent notions of “refugee integration” and “border management.”Show less
The Syrian civil war caused an enormous refugee flow towards Europe, especially in the years 2015 and 2016. Although the Netherlands and Germany are strongly interconnected, their response to the...Show moreThe Syrian civil war caused an enormous refugee flow towards Europe, especially in the years 2015 and 2016. Although the Netherlands and Germany are strongly interconnected, their response to the refugee crisis differed. Germany accepted a lot more refugees than the Netherlands. To investigate where this difference could come from, this research has endeavoured to answer the question: To which extent can the difference of policy in the 2015 refugee crisis between Germany and The Netherlands be explained by Kingdon's stream model?. Kingdon (1995) recognized three flowing streams that, at the moment they come together, create a policy window in which policy can be implemented. Qualitative content analysis has been performed on newspaper articles containing specific terms, regarding the crisis, in Germany and the Netherlands in the years 2015 and 2016. On the basis of a code tree the articles were analysed to examine Kingdon's multiple stream theory and their role in policy implementation in the Netherlands and Germany. The countries did not differ on many concepts, but on some they did. The influence of international partnerships affected the political stream. The pressure from other countries turned out to be more on Germany than on the Netherlands. This pressure led to the opening of the German borders for refugees via Hungary. Kingdon's theory turned out to be suitable for the case analysis. Yet, the adaption of the theory to the time and location of the case was useful. This research focussed on German and Dutch articles, for which precise translations in the data collection are used. Nevertheless, the possibility of proverbial differences between languages can lead to disproportional data collection. For further research cooperation with German researcher could be a solution to perform further analysis.Show less
A study on the representation of refugees in European literature, from which four modes of infrahuman representation appeared. "Dit zijn de namen" by Tommy Wieringa is used as a case study.
During the last decade, Europe has faced what is considered to be the largest migration wave since the Second World War. It affected and continues to influence national and international socio...Show moreDuring the last decade, Europe has faced what is considered to be the largest migration wave since the Second World War. It affected and continues to influence national and international socio-political decisions and policies for European and Western countries. The migration wave peaked in 2015, with more than a million refugees, including Syrian refugees, seeking asylum. The main reason for Syrian migration was the Syrian revolution, sparked by the demonstrations that started in 2011. Pro-democratic protests called for freedom, aiming to end the oppressive regime under the Assad family that has exhausted the country for around five decades. The unforeseen result of these protests was a brutal war. The Syrian conflict and the Syrian diaspora have been framed in European news and media coverage as the “refugee crisis.” It has been framed as a crisis not only due to the severity of the situation but also based on a tradition of “Othering,” as the refugees generally come from a Muslim majority. While there is a common agreement on the passivity, generalization, and dehumanization at work in media coverage of the refugees, art, and literature often try to provide alternative narratives. Using critical analysis as a research method, this research investigates the representation politics of refugees in two case studies: a book by Wendy Pearlman, and an exhibition by Carlos Motta, focusing on the concept of belonging and its politics. Furthermore, I employ post-coloniality discourse that enables a critical reading of political and cultural power relations, including history, race, and queerness. The analysis of the cultural objects will show that these art-works have provided a personal space for refugees to tell their stories, which symbolizes a positive step away from the mainstream media representation. However, these representations do not automatically also generate a critical examination of the belonging crisis of refugees, especially while the art-works do not establish a dialogue with the “Other.”Show less
This thesis has looked at the case of approximately 450 Vietnamese refugees who came from Czechoslovakia to the Netherlands in the 1990s after the Velvet Revolution.
My Thesis deals with the difference in the acculturation processes of Syrians in exile in Morocco and the Netherlands. The main analysis is based on interviews which have been conducted in Morocco...Show moreMy Thesis deals with the difference in the acculturation processes of Syrians in exile in Morocco and the Netherlands. The main analysis is based on interviews which have been conducted in Morocco and the Netherlands with Syrians who sought refuge in the respective countries to compare the personal experiences while taking into consideration different policy matters, legal questions, and cultural differences. These interviews were then analysed through the theoretical framework of acculturation to answer the research question. Acculturation as theoretical framework is composed of four different strategies for intercultural contact. The core of the acculturation strategies is based on how much of the cultural heritage an individual is willing or forced to leave behind to achieve the desired acculturation strategy. The first presented strategy is termed separation, which applies when an individual holds on to the heritage culture and avoids intercultural contact. Secondly, the assimilation strategy applies when the individual seeks daily contact with new cultures and does not maintain the culture of origin. The third strategy is called marginalization which applies when the maintenance of the original culture does not apply and desire to maintain relations with others is missing. The final and most desired acculturation strategy is termed integration and applies when an individual seeks intercultural contact but also maintains the culture of origin. Morocco and The Netherlands were chosen because of a great difference in geopolitics which influence the process of acculturation for the Syrians residing in these two countries.Show less
In this thesis I research issues of photographic representation of displaced persons, specifically regarding the so-called European refugee crisis since 2015. I compare the roles of photojournalism...Show moreIn this thesis I research issues of photographic representation of displaced persons, specifically regarding the so-called European refugee crisis since 2015. I compare the roles of photojournalism, or news photography produced for a mass audience, and art/documentary photography. I argue that certain properties within the latter practices are better suited to the representation of refugees and migrants, whose identity, as argued by Giorgio Agamben and Hannah Arendt amongst others, is already extremely vulnerable. My case studies are the photos of the young refugee Alan Kurdi, who washed up on a beach having died in a sea-crossing and whose body was photographed by a Turkish photojournalist at the scene; and 3 art/documentary photographers who have all focused on refugees and/or migrants as their subjects.Show less
