The Ukrainian famine or ‘Holodomor’ of 1932–1933 claimed the lives of an estimated 4 to 4.5 million people. General consensus has it that the famines that swept the Soviet Union were caused largely...Show moreThe Ukrainian famine or ‘Holodomor’ of 1932–1933 claimed the lives of an estimated 4 to 4.5 million people. General consensus has it that the famines that swept the Soviet Union were caused largely by the collectivisation drive of the First Five-Year Plan, after which the situation in Ukraine was exacerbated by Stalin’s policies in the winter of 1932–1933. However, the underlying motives for Stalin’s actions with regard to Ukraine remain a matter of lively debate. Combining the existing literature on the initiation of mass indiscriminate violence in general and on the causes of the Holodomor in particular with novel insights from studies on authoritarian politics, I posit that the Ukrainian famine may have been intentionally aggravated because the Ukrainian leadership was considered a liability to Stalin’s rule. Rather than facing these elites head on, I suggest that Stalin weaponised the famine as a means of mass indiscriminate violence to enable the capture of local institutions and to undermine the individual support bases of his potential rivals. In this way the Ukrainian Communist Party was purged from the bottom to the top, culminating with the executions of Stanislav Kosior and Vlas Chubar and the expulsion of Grigory Petrovsky, as well as the executions of Pavel Postyshev and Vsevolod Balytsky during the Great Purges of 1937–1939.Show less
This master thesis is a case study of Aleksandr Tvardovsky, a famous Soviet poet and chief editor of the literary magazine Novyi Mir. This is a research on how Tvardovsky, who had loyally supported...Show moreThis master thesis is a case study of Aleksandr Tvardovsky, a famous Soviet poet and chief editor of the literary magazine Novyi Mir. This is a research on how Tvardovsky, who had loyally supported Stalin during his regime but later became an important actor in the destalinization, was able to come to terms with having supported Stalin’s system of terror. By analysing primary sources like his Working Notebooks, autobiographical poems and his brother’s autobiography, and by analysing his documented behaviour both during Stalin’s regime and after, this thesis will portray how Tvardovsky dealt with the aftermath of Stalin’s terror. In doing so, this research will make use of Hellbeck’s theory regarding writers’ loyalty to the regime despite state violence and the theory of the heroisation-demonisation phenomenon in mass dictatorships. This thesis aims to shed more light on how Soviet citizens adjusted during the Thaw.Show less
In 1932-1933 famine swept across the Ukrainian countryside killing an estimated 5 million people. The famine was a culmination of different factors, but most notably it was the result of deliberate...Show moreIn 1932-1933 famine swept across the Ukrainian countryside killing an estimated 5 million people. The famine was a culmination of different factors, but most notably it was the result of deliberate policies of the Soviet government. In the summer of 1933 a young Welsh journalist named Gareth Jones illegally toured the Ukrainian countryside, witnessing the dead and the dying, walking through the silent and abandoned villages and speaking with the starving peasants. Upon his return to the United Kingdom Jones attempted to expose the famine in order to aid the starving Ukrainian population. However, his message had little impact. It was snowed under by positive reports coming from Western correspondents stationed in Moscow. The news of the famine failed to gain traction amongst the public, and before long people forgot that it ever happened. This thesis seeks to investigate why Jones’ articles exposing the Ukrainian famine in 1933 had so little impact amongst the British and American public. There was no public outrage, no large-scale famine relief actions, and not a sound from the British and American governments on the matter could be heard. The silence surrounding the famine was deafening, and the voice that was trying to attract attention to it was ignored. Why were people so willing to look away? Can this silence be attributed to a feat of Soviet Propaganda? Were the reports coming from Moscow simply more credible than the reporting of twenty-seven years old Jones?Show less
Na de Grote Vaderlandse Oorlog laaide de Jodenhaat in de Sovjet-Unie weer op. In deze context werden veel Sovjetjoden zich bewust van hun Joodse identiteit en gaven ze daar op nieuwe wijze vorm aan.
The trigger of this thesis is the war movie ’28 Panfilovcev’ by director and scriptwriter Andrey Shalyopa, released in Russia in November 2016. The movie is about the heroic story of General...Show moreThe trigger of this thesis is the war movie ’28 Panfilovcev’ by director and scriptwriter Andrey Shalyopa, released in Russia in November 2016. The movie is about the heroic story of General Panfilov’s 28 soldiers of the 316th Rifle Division and their defense of Moscow in November 1941. To mirror the heroic tale of the Battle for Moscow, the first-hand account of battalion commander Baurdzhan Momysh-Uly on the battle near Volokolamsk is used, written down by Russian reporter and writer Alexander Bek in 1943. Two primary sources that represent the October and November fighting in the Battle for Moscow in 1941, but from two different perspectives, a blockbuster movie one and a classic literary one. The research question of this thesis consisted of three questions: how can the nearly collapse of the Soviet state by Unternehmen Barbarossa (June-December 1941) historically be explained? How is its overarching symbol, the heroic story of Panfilov’s 28, presented in the war movie ‘28 Panfilovcev’? How do in comparison contemporary firsthand accounts of Red Army soldiers reflect to this heroic picture? This thesis will examine the heroic story of Panfilov’s 28 from its early roots of a newspaper article to its modern day presentation in a blockbuster movie, catapulted to the mass consumers in the large cinemas of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The conclusions of this research of the story Panfilov’s 28 and its political use of the past will make a contribution to the academic debate of the disastrous early war months for the Soviet Union in 1941 as well as in understanding the movie ’28 Panfilovcev’ as an example of present day Russian cultural policy.Show less
Een analyse van de Sovjet-Unie door de ogen van overlopers aan de hand van memoires. Hierin wordt gekeken waarom de overlopers in eerste instantie voor het bolsjewistische ideaal vielen, maar toch...Show moreEen analyse van de Sovjet-Unie door de ogen van overlopers aan de hand van memoires. Hierin wordt gekeken waarom de overlopers in eerste instantie voor het bolsjewistische ideaal vielen, maar toch door de jaren (1917-1944) heen op persoonlijk vlak een afkeer begonnen te ontwikkelen tegen Stalin en zijn beleid.Show less
In 1953 lanceerde Stalin het doktorencomplot, een complot met als doel om een serie zuiveringen los te laten op de Sovjet Unie. Na Stalins dood bleek het doktorencomplot een verzinsel, maar hoe...Show moreIn 1953 lanceerde Stalin het doktorencomplot, een complot met als doel om een serie zuiveringen los te laten op de Sovjet Unie. Na Stalins dood bleek het doktorencomplot een verzinsel, maar hoe kwam hij hier bij? Waarom waren deze zuiveringen nodig? En past het doktorencomplot eigenlijk wel in het late stalinisme?Show less
This paper is on one of the seminal events in Ukrainian history, the Holodomor. The paper seeks to apply the theory of genocidal consolidation to the Holodomor to determine the answer to “why”...Show moreThis paper is on one of the seminal events in Ukrainian history, the Holodomor. The paper seeks to apply the theory of genocidal consolidation to the Holodomor to determine the answer to “why” Stalin executed a genocide against the Ukrainian nation. More specifically, the paper seeks to link the mass killings in Ukraine to Stalin and Stalin’s personal position within the Soviet Union. In seeking the answer previously mentioned, the paper relies on the method of process tracing. The underlying hypothesis of the paper is that the theory of genocidal consolidation best explains the Holodomor and links Stalin to it, using the methodology previously described. By using and exploring genocidal consolidation vis a vie the Holodomor the paper also seeks to further bolster the connection between mass political violence and authoritarian politics. Additionally, the paper sought to expand on genocidal consolidation and add to the already existing research and theoretical applications by attempting to explore the Holodomor through genocidal consolidation. Lastly, it should be stated that the often ambitious aims of this paper allow for further exploration on the topic and potential missed linkages between the Holodomor and Stalin.Show less
