In the 1980s, archaeological studies near the village of Valkenburg, South-Holland, unearthed the skeletal remains of individuals buried at the Valkenburg-Marktveld cemetery during the Roman period...Show moreIn the 1980s, archaeological studies near the village of Valkenburg, South-Holland, unearthed the skeletal remains of individuals buried at the Valkenburg-Marktveld cemetery during the Roman period. Part of multiple Roman fortifications along the Limes dating from 40 A.D. onwards, the cemetery was likely used as a burial ground for inhabitants of the Valkenburg fort or nearby vicus, a civilian settlement. The cemetery comprised at least 250 cremated individuals as well as 47 inhumations, which is a striking find that contradicts the common Roman practice of cremation. Due to these inhumated skeletal remains, the site provides an unique opportunity to employ osteoarchaeological analysis to reconstruct the lives of individuals that lived in the Roman Frontier region. This thesis utilizes cross-sectional geometry and bilateral asymmetry analysis to infer activity patterns among individuals at the Valkenburg-Marktveld cemetery, as current research on the differences in bone geometry between different demographic groups within Roman communities in the Lower Rhine area is limited. The study further investigates the factors and potential activity patterns that might influence those variations, such as biological age and sex. To do so, it builds on the initial osteoarchaeological study conducted by Lonnée and Maat (1998), who reported the estimated sex and age-at-death of each individual. Following this, each relevant bone in the upper and lower limbs was measured on various points to generate the indices for each point of measurement, as well as calculate the percentage directional asymmetry (DA%) and absolute asymmetry (AA%). The resulting values were then compared statistically between the biological sexes and age-at-death categories. While statistical significance is limited, the interpretation of data highlights the potential of these analyses in inferring activity patterns. Results from the analysis indicate that males tend to display more robust and symmetric upper and lower limbs than females, which are likely attributable to biological factors or a wider range of activities in males. Age-at-death categories exhibited inconsistencies with patterns described in other study, which is possibly due to natural variation or the limited preservation and availability of the skeletal material. Despite the limited number of individuals that could be examined, this thesis contributes valuable insights into the application of cross-sectional geometry and bilateral asymmetry analysis in osteoarchaeological studies, complementing historical data and broadening our understanding of activities in Roman frontier regions.Show less
Changes in thin film morphology and their underlying processes can prove important for the performance of future extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optics. A ruthenium coated diffraction grating was...Show moreChanges in thin film morphology and their underlying processes can prove important for the performance of future extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optics. A ruthenium coated diffraction grating was inspected using atomic force microscopy (AFM) prior to and after exposure to high intensity EUV light under a grazing incident angle, in order to determine whether such change occurs due to EUV irradiation. AFM images show signs of structural change, most noticeable at the bottom of the grating, possibly caused by heating through absorption of the EUV radiation. Closer study of the top grating section showed signs of a change in thin film morphology as well. We used statistical and dynamic scaling analysis of multiple AFM images to verify this hypothesis, but it could not confirm this change beyond doubt, nor dismiss the claims outright. Possible explanations for a change in thin film morphology were proposed, such as thermally assisted diffusion causing roughening and coarsening, as well as oxidation of the layer.Show less
