Negotiating is an intricate process and crucial to finding success in all facets of life. Constructs such as stereotype endorsement and threat, social motives and power distributions play an...Show moreNegotiating is an intricate process and crucial to finding success in all facets of life. Constructs such as stereotype endorsement and threat, social motives and power distributions play an important role in negotiations. Negotiations are not limited to dyads; often they take place in a group setting. Whilst both men and women negotiate, there appear to be differences in performance between the two. The question that this paper looks to address is what the influence of stereotype endorsement and stereotype threat is on the outcome of both pro-self and pro-socially motivated, mixed gender groups, where power is dispersed unequally. The two main hypotheses that follow are that men in the leadership position will outperform women in the leadership position in the pro-self motivated condition. Furthermore, groups with a female leader will outperform groups with a male leader in the pro-socially motivated condition. To investigate this, 204 participants were recruited into 68 three person groups, comprising 105 men and 99 women. They played a negotiation game, emulating the owners of a beach club. Their scores and answers on a questionnaire following the game were brought into analysis. Results show that men and women perform better or worse depending on the social motive and the power distribution of the negotiation. Also, the leader is especially impacted by stereotypes surrounding their gender. The differences between men and women might be explained by the effects of gender stereotypes. Being aware of the influence of gender stereotypes on negotiation performance might serve individuals well in order to increase their performance in negotiations.Show less
Primary school textbooks are filled with images and text that provide information about other countries, even if the intention of those books is not to teach about world orientation, but how to...Show morePrimary school textbooks are filled with images and text that provide information about other countries, even if the intention of those books is not to teach about world orientation, but how to read and write. This thesis studied Dutch “Lijn 3” reading and writing books of Malmberg through Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA), which encompasses both textual Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Visual Discourse Analysis (VDA), and found that there is a significant amount of information on China within them. This information is often stereotypical, and corresponds to existing prejudice and humour on China and the Chinese ethnic minority in the Netherlands. Furthermore, interviews with teachers showed that they are aware of harmful effects of stereotypes and prejudice, but they are reluctant to intervene when they encounter stereotypes in books. They prefer to ignore stereotypes because they argue that children do not see them. This incorrect observation, that children are unable to see and understand stereotypes, creates a non-critical environment for children and teachers, in which stereotypes and prejudice teach children a power hierarchy. In this hierarchy, the Caucasian Dutch are dominant, and the rest is subordinate. This thesis suggests that stereotypes in textbooks need to be acknowledged by teachers, and communicated to children, or illustrators and authors need to eliminate stereotypes out of books, in order to change this problematic power hierarchy.Show less
Parody is generally characterised as a form of ironic imitation that seeks to make some sort of critical commentary on that which it imitates. Judith Butler’s theory of parody, described in the...Show moreParody is generally characterised as a form of ironic imitation that seeks to make some sort of critical commentary on that which it imitates. Judith Butler’s theory of parody, described in the final chapters of Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, outlines how parody, as a disruption in repeated processes of signification, can be used as a strategy with which to subvert normalised gender identities. This thesis will take Butler’s theory on parody and reinterpret it through a postcolonial lens so that it may be used to analyse how parody is employed in the oeuvre of Wendy Red Star. This analysis will show that parody is used by Red Star to subvert stereotypes of Native American culture established during the colonial era, as well as the colonial technologies that have enabled the continued hegemony of those stereotypes. Ultimately, this thesis will consider how the ambiguity of parody makes it an effective mode of criticism in postcolonial contexts.Show less
Street-level bureaucrats are characterized with discretionary power as a result of which they develop coping mechanisms. Consequently, street-level bureaucrats are often led by stereotypes, which...Show moreStreet-level bureaucrats are characterized with discretionary power as a result of which they develop coping mechanisms. Consequently, street-level bureaucrats are often led by stereotypes, which serve in reducing the uncertainty of a situation. Besides, research indicates that street-level bureaucrats tend to use double standards when interpreting signals from citizens of different social classes. However, whether this is limited to uncertain situations remains unknown. This thesis investigates how double standards affect teachers’ interpretation of child abuse signals, and how information uncertainty plays a role. A qualitative vignette study is used to investigate how teachers interpret child abuse signals from a high social class family and from a low social class family. In addition, it is investigated how the degree of uncertainty of these signals influences the presumed use of double standards by teachers. The analysis shows that teachers indeed use double standards when interpreting signals of child abuse. When the family belongs to a low social class, the teachers are inclined to take more drastic measures than when the family belongs to a high social class. This difference gets smaller as the degree of uncertainty decreases. Moreover, teachers appear to reason differently about a family from a high social class than about a family from a low social class. Teachers also seem to use double standards for uncertainty, as one bruise is seen as an uncertain signal for a family from a high social class and as a more certain signal for a family from a low social class. In addition, the value teachers attach to a child's statement also seems to influence their interpretation of uncertainty. Finally, teachers experience various obstacles that complicate identifying and reporting child abuse, as a result of which they experience even more uncertainty. This thesis contributes to academic literature on street-level bureaucrats and the double standard theory.Show less
This thesis is about power relations behind the development of historically themed videogames set in the Global South. The thesis has taken into account games released in the Western World as well...Show moreThis thesis is about power relations behind the development of historically themed videogames set in the Global South. The thesis has taken into account games released in the Western World as well as in the Global South between 2000 and 2020. The main argument is that historically themed videogames set and developed in the Global South do not have the power to add to, differ from or change the representations made about their countries in the Western World.Show less
This thesis analyzes the stereotypical representation of North Korea in the film "The Interview." Furthermore, it explains how this film led to increasing tensions between North Korea and the...Show moreThis thesis analyzes the stereotypical representation of North Korea in the film "The Interview." Furthermore, it explains how this film led to increasing tensions between North Korea and the United States and the controversial hack of Sony Pictures.Show less
This study aims to find out how stereotypes about foreigners are formed in South Korea, and what the role of the media is. It delves into the reason why people construct stereotypes and how the...Show moreThis study aims to find out how stereotypes about foreigners are formed in South Korea, and what the role of the media is. It delves into the reason why people construct stereotypes and how the media can influence public opinion through framing. With these as attributing factors, the history of foreigners in South Korea is also illuminated and it is established that Korean identity dictates that there is a stark categorization of what is Korean and what is not. This dictates means that inherently those that are not Korean are believed to not act like Koreans in any way, and this thus forms the stereotype. On a micro-scale, it is demonstrated how stereotypes are negotiated, reproduced and confirmed. These stereotypes focus mainly focus on categorization and identity of the foreigners and Koreans. These stereotypes being the center of a TV program is an act of framing, which is then conveyed to an audience, which is how stereotypes are influenced by the media.Show less
Bachelor thesis | Film- en literatuurwetenschap (BA)
closed access
In de jaren ’90, om precies te zijn op 21 september 1998, verscheen een sitcom, die getypeerd zou worden als ‘baanbrekend’. Deze sitcom, getiteld Will & Grace, kreeg de term ‘baanbrekend’...Show moreIn de jaren ’90, om precies te zijn op 21 september 1998, verscheen een sitcom, die getypeerd zou worden als ‘baanbrekend’. Deze sitcom, getiteld Will & Grace, kreeg de term ‘baanbrekend’ toegewezen omdat het de eerste sitcom op Amerikaanse prime-time televisie was, die twee openlijk-homoseksuele hoofdpersonages bevatte. Zeventien jaar later, verscheen er opnieuw een vernieuwende comedyserie: Grace en Frankie. Net als Will & Grace, bevatte Grace en Frankie twee openlijk homoseksuele personages, echter zijn de personages van Grace en Frankie naast homoseksueel ook senior. Aan de hand van closereadings m.b.t. de twee series, wordt in deze thesis antwoord gezocht op de vragen: hoe en of er van LGBTQ-stereotypen toegepast worden in de twee comedyseries, maar ook of en hoe de representatie van de LGBTQ-community door de tijd heen is veranderd.Show less
This thesis explores the stereotypes of different Cold War movies made in the Soviet Union. Three movies are analysed based on a critical literature review about stereotypes. Based on the...Show moreThis thesis explores the stereotypes of different Cold War movies made in the Soviet Union. Three movies are analysed based on a critical literature review about stereotypes. Based on the observations and different theories of scholars the stereotypes are defined and placed within their time period.Show less
This dissertation investigated the occurrence of linguistic stereotypes regarding gender in the Japanese animated movie Kimi no Na Wa (君の名は) compared to the English dubbed-translated movie Your...Show moreThis dissertation investigated the occurrence of linguistic stereotypes regarding gender in the Japanese animated movie Kimi no Na Wa (君の名は) compared to the English dubbed-translated movie Your Name. The Japanese audio script functioned as the source text (ST) and the script of the English dub as the target text (TT). Based on previous research of Spiridon (2014), Okamoto (1995), and Lakoff (1973; 2004), stereotypically gendered language was listed for both the ST and the TT. This study researched whether the TT favoured transferring Japanese gender markers (foreignization), conforming to English gender stereotypes (domestication), or omitting ST gender markers (neutralization) as a translation strategy. Based on results from earlier studies (Inoue (2003), González Vera (2012), De Marco (2006), Pettit (2005)) and considering the role of dubbing constraints, it was hypothesized that neutralization would be the favoured option in Your Name and that few new gender markers would be introduced in the TT. The data analysis consisted of an ST analysis to determine the gender markers in the ST, a TT analysis to determine which translation strategies were applied in the rendering of the ST markers, and a TT analysis to determine whether any new gender markers had been introduced in the TT. The translation procedures of Vinay & Darbelnet (1995) were used to establish how the gendered items had been rendered in the TT. The results suggest that the hypothesis is confirmed, since only 32 out of 386 gender markers were rendered in the TT and 197 were newly introduced, which shows that neutralization was indeed the favoured translation type in the TT. Thereby, sentence-final particles were mostly represented in the ST versus hedging language in the TT. Some possibilities for future research include replicating this study for the subtitled script and investigating the characters’ pitch.Show less
As the first of its kind, this paper evaluates the UNHCR's construction of refugees in its annual campaigns between 2011 and 2016. First establishing the complex nature of anti-refugee sentiment in...Show moreAs the first of its kind, this paper evaluates the UNHCR's construction of refugees in its annual campaigns between 2011 and 2016. First establishing the complex nature of anti-refugee sentiment in the United Kingdom using Integrated Threat Theory and the trinity of policy, politics and media, the paper identifies the instances in which UNHCR has offset, overlooked or encouraged public hostility and protectionism. It is concluded that UNHCR’s campaigns before 2014 did not internalise local social and historical hierarchies and anti-refugee discourse. It was only with the ‘I Belong’ campaign of 2014 that UNHCR fulfilled its role as the global guardian of refugee protection norms, addressing UK anti-refugee sentiment directly and effectively.Show less
In this thesis the dialect attitudes towards the Kyoto dialect are studied. A list of stereotypical characteristics of the dialect, seen from the perspective of the Tokyo standard is provided,...Show moreIn this thesis the dialect attitudes towards the Kyoto dialect are studied. A list of stereotypical characteristics of the dialect, seen from the perspective of the Tokyo standard is provided, according to which the results of the study are evaluated. A survey on Japanese native speakers is used, which mainly confirmed the validity of the stereotype of the Kyoto dialect.Show less
This thesis discusses if and how the participation of women in the American labor force during World War II influenced how women were perceived by society after the war. Did their image change or...Show moreThis thesis discusses if and how the participation of women in the American labor force during World War II influenced how women were perceived by society after the war. Did their image change or remain the same? Also the influence of corporate and government propaganda are taken into account.Show less
This research deals with how stereotypes about Japanese people manifest themselves in news photographs published in Western media. Hopefully this thesis will also shed a bit of light on how...Show moreThis research deals with how stereotypes about Japanese people manifest themselves in news photographs published in Western media. Hopefully this thesis will also shed a bit of light on how qualitative data analysis methods can be applied not only to textual narratives, but also to (news) photographs. On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered two disasters. Off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku, the most powerful earthquake in Japan’s recorded history occurred (9.0 on the Richter scale). As a result, the eastern coasts of Japan were hit by devastating tsunami waves, killing around 15,000 people. Another disaster quickly followed. Because of the quake and tsunami, there were level 7 meltdowns at the nuclear reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex. It would be the largest nuclear incident since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. It goes without saying that this was a major news story. But after a while, the discussion in the Western media seemed to shift from actual disaster reporting to assumptions about the Japanese mentality. Blatant stereotypes about Japanese people became more and more apparent in stories about the disaster. Stereotypes not only appeared in the textual narrative, but could also be found within its accompanying images. So it is within the photographs of Japanese people dealing with the tsunami and nuclear disaster that this research attempts to uncover certain stereotypical cues and tropes. These cues and tropes ultimately contribute to the collective manifestations of stereotypes about Japanese people. Current psychological theory conceptualizes stereotypes as cognitive structures or schemas that represent widely shared beliefs about the defining characteristics of social groups. The media most commonly use stereotypical categorizations of individuals or groups based on race or ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, sexual orientation, mental or physical disability, employment, and age. These stereotypes are automatically activated when audiences encounter cues or symbols in mass media, according to Peffley, Shields and Williams (1996) and Abraham and Appiah (2006). Stereotypes about Eastern people and cultures in particular have been widely researched. Edward Saïd first posited the revolutionary theoretical framework of Orientalism, which is how he coined the particular form that Western stereotypical understandings of Asian cultures has taken. He, and many other experts, claim that this Orientalism has evolved into a cultural myth permeating Western thought. It has been articulated through metaphors which characterize the East in ways which emphasize its strangeness and otherness. The Oriental person is made up of a single image which carries with it the taint of inferiority. Kathleen Tierney and Erica Kuligowski postulate that the media help enforce already existing disaster myths among the general public and organizational actors. Examples of such myths are the notions that disasters are accompanied by looting, social disorganization, panic, and deviant behavior. This is relevant because the Japanese people after the disaster seemed to subvert many of those myths. Surprisingly, this subversion was seen as conformation of the Japanese supposedly stoic yet respectful nature, therefore affirming Orientalist stereotypes. Through the application of these theories and a qualitative data analysis of a selection of 200 images, this research uncovers how stereotypical cues and tropes about Japanese people manifest themselves in these photographs. Whether or not Western news media possess that knowledge and thus deliberately choose to photographs with stereotypical elements, however, are two wholly different questions.Show less
Casting the Other in a villainous light has been a trend long known in the U.S. entertainment business. Asian villains have been employed since the late 19th century, leading to the birth of the...Show moreCasting the Other in a villainous light has been a trend long known in the U.S. entertainment business. Asian villains have been employed since the late 19th century, leading to the birth of the yellow peril trope in entertainment narratives. More recently a trend of shifting this yellow peril trope from Chinese, Japanese, or any other Asian nationality to North Korean has appeared. Since the late 20th, but mostly 21st, century there has been an increase of North Korean antagonism in entertainment media. This thesis examines this shift and attempts to explain and explore this, including the effects essentialist representations (could) have on the consumer. This is done by analysing 3 films and 2 video games, all dealing with North Korean antagonism as narrative. There are also parallels drawn between the increase of North Korean antagonism in fiction and real politics, as fiction often feeds off of reality to create dramatic storylines.Show less
Master thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (MSc)
open access
The mitumba trade of second-hand clothing in Kenya has been growing rapidly the last twenty years, making the street vendors selling from huge piles of second-hand clothing very familiar in the...Show moreThe mitumba trade of second-hand clothing in Kenya has been growing rapidly the last twenty years, making the street vendors selling from huge piles of second-hand clothing very familiar in the street view. The complexity of this network behind the import, unpacking, distribution, adjusting, selling and buying of second-hand clothes, has been examined through a three month field study in Mombasa, the biggest harbor city of Kenya. By taking this chain of relationships as departure, trust and distrust have been uncovered as mechanisms which create tensions, chooses, manipulations, commitments and expectations for second-hand clothing traders. Trying to make a living in this trade requires the strategic use of reputation, social connections and information, making the complexity and applications of trust in this value chain of key importance for the study of the second-hand clothing market.Show less
