The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between personal perceived discrimination, group perceived discrimination and perceived barriers with internalizing and externalizing problem...Show moreThe aim of this study was to examine the relationship between personal perceived discrimination, group perceived discrimination and perceived barriers with internalizing and externalizing problem behavior among Muslim adolescents in the Netherlands. The sample consisted of 62 respondents aged from 14 to 21. The results show a significant difference between the prevalence of personal perceived discrimination and group perceived discrimination. The respondents report more group perceived discrimination, as expected. Also a significant relationship between perceived barriers and externalizing problem behavior is found. Respondents that report more perceived barriers have scores that indicate more externalizing problem behavior. Explanations for the results are discussed as well as suggestions for future research and implications.Show less
The level of pragmatic language of 38 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (M= 11.4, SD= 1.90) is compared with 84 children from a control-group (M= 10.6, SD= 1.11). First of all, the level of...Show moreThe level of pragmatic language of 38 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (M= 11.4, SD= 1.90) is compared with 84 children from a control-group (M= 10.6, SD= 1.11). First of all, the level of pragmatic language of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) was compared with the group of typically developing children using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4-NL (CELF-4-NL). Furthermore, gender differences, the influence of age and the educational level of fathers on pragmatic language level of the ASD children has been examined and compared with the control-group. Finally, the influence of problems in reciprocal social interaction of ASD children on the level of pragmatic development has been examined. The Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) was used to study the degree of problems in reciprocal social interaction. The results indicated a large difference between the pragmatic abilities of the ASD-group and the control-group. The children without ASD have significantly better developed pragmatic abilities. This result replicates other studies about the pragmatic abilities of ASD-children. Furthermore, the results showed that there is no difference between the pragmatic language level of boys and girls with ASD. In addition, the age of the child seems to have no influence on pragmatic abilities. It is recommended replicate this study in a more age-varied sample. The results also showed that a high level of education of fathers had a positive influence on pragmatic abilities of children without ASD, but not on the abilities of ASD-children. Finally, there was no effect of the degree of problems in reciprocal social interaction on the pragmatic abilities of children with ASD. This result was unexpected, because previous research concluded that social insight and empathy are important for using pragmatics.Show less
This thesis focuses on the position of women in the far-right by describing their position and self-image in classical European fascism. It elaborates on the divergent experiences in East and West...Show moreThis thesis focuses on the position of women in the far-right by describing their position and self-image in classical European fascism. It elaborates on the divergent experiences in East and West Germany and zooms in on the developments of the modern far-right scene and specifically on the developments of the position of women and their self-image in the this modernized right-wing scene.Show less
Attitudes toward the past can be recognised in many different ways. European worldview in physical protection of cultural heritage, reflecting in the formal heritage laws, has frequently carved out...Show moreAttitudes toward the past can be recognised in many different ways. European worldview in physical protection of cultural heritage, reflecting in the formal heritage laws, has frequently carved out social elements of such heritage rooted in indigenous societies, for example, the belief of sacredness. This research, therefore, focuses on problems that probably arose during the introduction of Western legal systems to protect cultural heritage in non-Western societies: Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Canada and Australia. From the study on sociology and history of law, it shows that European-based law when first introduced to the regions has very often excluded customary law which obtained social respect. This created a gap between legal comprehension and people who are the subject to law. Up to present day these European influences of the legal system regarding to heritage management can still be discerned in international conventions. To bridge this gap, two suggestions are given in this research: one to work cooperatively between the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage and the 2003 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions; another to reinterpret in situ preservation in the 2001 UNESCO Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention as a way to treat the site with respect. The integration of traditional practices and heritage laws make it possible for indigenous and local people to gain more understanding of the heritage laws and thus to obey to these laws more easily. Hypothetically, the formal heritage laws become more effective.Show less
Master thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (MSc)
open access
Migrant children are an unexamined subject, even though they experience several interesting processes in adapting to a new society. Migrant children who are residing in Rosettenville have...Show moreMigrant children are an unexamined subject, even though they experience several interesting processes in adapting to a new society. Migrant children who are residing in Rosettenville have integrated well into the South African society and enjoy living in South Africa. The research showed a pattern among the migrant children which is connected with the relationship the children have with their country of origin. The children either choose to keep a connection with their home country or not to maintain a bond with their home country, which determines the way children acculturate in the society and develop a sense of belonging. Coherent to this is the division between home and school, whereby some children who value their home situation more, compared with children who are more interested in everything outside their home situation, including school, friends and the South African society. This again is related to the relationship the children have with their country or origin, whether they choose to value home or school. Even though they have migrated to a new country, the country of origin will always play a role in the lives of migrant children.Show less
This thesis puts the topic of community museums into the light of museology, museum ethics and indigenous human rights. In order to achieve this, the first thing that is looked at is the...Show moreThis thesis puts the topic of community museums into the light of museology, museum ethics and indigenous human rights. In order to achieve this, the first thing that is looked at is the traditional public museum. Then a history and definition of the community museum is given. Museum ethics is discussed after that. Human rights of indigenous peoples are discussed at some length and through this a solid basis for the indigenous claims to their own heritage is established. After this, four case studies of community museums in Mexico are discussed. In the last part practice and theory are combined and the research question, how can community museums in Mexio profit from and contribute to museology, museum ethics and indigenous human rights debates?, are answered. There is also a section on the responsibility of local and foreign scientists and professionals towards indigenous communities and community museums.Show less
The tower-fortress on the Oman Peninsula have always been a mystery to archeologists. A total of 15 tower-houses have been excavated or surveyed by archeologists in the past decades and yet their...Show moreThe tower-fortress on the Oman Peninsula have always been a mystery to archeologists. A total of 15 tower-houses have been excavated or surveyed by archeologists in the past decades and yet their purpose inside the settlements is still poorly understood. This thesis analyzes and evaluates the existing theories about the tower-houses and offers an alternative theory by taking into account the locations, sizes and construction techniques of these buildings, using the survey and excavation rapports. The origins of the tower-fortresses can be found as early as the end of the fourth millennium B.C., when the settlement pattern on the Oman Peninsula shifts from the coast to the hinterland. The shift from the coast to the oasis brought a diversification of resources as well as a tighter appropriation of space. Combined with an increase in the copper trade at the beginning of the third millennium, this induced more complexity in the social system. The form of social organization which emerged on the Oman Peninsula due to these factors, was one which was in a liminal stage between a chiefdom and a state society, called a stratified non-state society. The tower-fortress of the Oman Peninsula functioned in such a society as dwellings and locus of regional power of a particular family or moiety. The few towers that have been excavated show many similarities, such as: he positioning of the towers within the settlements, the usage of a platform on which the towers rest, the interior of the platform consisting of two rows of chambers divided by a corridor or well, the ditches surrounding the towers and thus separating them from the rest of the settlement, the fact that all of the towers could only have been accessed by a ramp, etc. All of these similarities indicate specialization and one has to wonder if the possibility exists of a specialized class of tower-builders, travelling from settlement to settlement.Show less
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OD) describes a pathological condition of the subchondral bone and surrounding cartilage of synovial joints, such as the knee, elbow and ankle. Clinical research has...Show moreOsteochondritis Dissecans (OD) describes a pathological condition of the subchondral bone and surrounding cartilage of synovial joints, such as the knee, elbow and ankle. Clinical research has associated OD to vigorous and strenuous activity, as well as trauma, micro or repetitive, due to its high occurrence in athletes. Reports of OD in archaeological skeletal remains are few and the majority involves a small number of individuals. Most studies of archaeological populations have found low OD prevalence, usually under one percent. In contrast, analysis of the Middenbeemster skeletal sample from the Netherlands found that 14 out of 93 adult individuals (15.1%), including males and females from different age categories, had OD in either one or multiple joints. This high percentage, combined with the fact that Middenbeemster derives from a rural agricultural population, is strong support for the impact of physical activity on bone. Furthermore, people in an agricultural society, that combines extensive outdoor activity on an uneven surface, are more susceptible to trauma. Finally, the klompen, one of Netherlands’ current national emblems, were commonly worn not only in the Netherlands but in other regions of Northern Europe as well. It is suggested that their hard and inflexible surface, apart from limiting the natural freedom of movement of the foot, could also impact the tarsals and metatarsals, in case of trauma. Repetition of trauma could result in injury to the bone and eventually the cartilage. All these factors combined could result in the high frequency of OD observed in the Middenbeemster sample. Therefore, it is proposed that OD is a useful marker to aid in reconstructing previous life practices and subsequently better classification criteria should be developed.Show less
In deze scriptie worden drie muurschilderingen geanalyseerd die afkomstig zijn uit drie verschillende valleien binnen het gebied waar de Moche woonden: de Nepaña vallei (Pañamarca), Moche vallei ...Show moreIn deze scriptie worden drie muurschilderingen geanalyseerd die afkomstig zijn uit drie verschillende valleien binnen het gebied waar de Moche woonden: de Nepaña vallei (Pañamarca), Moche vallei (Huaca de la Luna) en de Chicama Vallei (Huaca Cao Viejo). Door schilderingen uit verschillende politieke centra met elkaar te vergelijken, wordt getracht een ideologische overeenkomst te vinden tussen de drie afzonderlijke bestuurscentra. Voor de analyse wordt een door Mieke bal omschreven theorie gebruikt, waarin narratieve teksten worden geanalyseerd aan de hand van drie onderscheidende termen: tekst, story en fabula. Er zal gekeken worden naar de afgebeelde figuren en de interpretaties die daaraan gegeven zijn. Eveneens wordt er een blik geworpen op de onderlinge relaties van de figuren en de activiteiten die zij uitvoeren. Op deze manier wordt er getracht het verhaal te achterhalen dat in de schildering verbeeld wordt. Bij de analyse wordt gebruikt gemaakt van eerder onderscheiden personages en thema’s die van belang zijn voor de Moche iconografie. Deze zijn op verschillende objecten weergegeven en komen ook terug in de schilderingen. Na het uitvoeren van de analysen, wordt er een vergelijking gemaakt tussen de drie schilderingen, waaruit zal blijken dat er een ideologische overeenkomst bestaat tussen de verschillende centra. Alle onderzochte schilderingen behandelen eenzelfde thema: het belang van vruchtbaarheid en de offers die voor de instandhouding daarvan gebracht dienen te worden.Show less
The engraved Tridacna shell in the collection of the National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden the Netherlands fits into a corpus of engraved Tridacna shells, engraved Tridacna shell and Lambis shell...Show moreThe engraved Tridacna shell in the collection of the National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden the Netherlands fits into a corpus of engraved Tridacna shells, engraved Tridacna shell and Lambis shell discs and cosmetic palette’s. These object have been interpreted as luxury items and cosmetic containers produced by Phoenicians, in the past. However, the use and meaning of the Tridacna shells is complex and differs by region, such this study shows. Their meaning is layered and defined by the context of use. Some were evidently connected to the ritual sphere as in the case of votive offerings, some however were of more personal utilitarian character These objects are representative ‘s of the omnidirectional connections in the Iron Age Mediterranean world. They show the connections to be active deep in-land, in the East Mediterranean. They also show that the boundaries scholars set between cultural regions for decades are fluid or not existing at all. The stylistic features observed in the iconography of depictions on the engraved Tridanca’s, palette’s and engraved shell discs are not illustrative of several cultural influences converging in Phoenician artistic expression, but of an interregional koinè. A language of visual expression spoken throughout the Mediterranean and Near Eastern regions. It consists of ‘styles’ and motives not bounded by any ‘culture’. No longer attached to ‘a’ single meaning within a region. Thus stylistic features that have been guiding the origin debate about these objects should not be leading. Evaluation of the archaeological context, set in the framework as postulated by Horden and Purcell of interconnected regions in the Mediterranean, gives reason to revise. New objects have come to light that lead to a production among the semi-settled pastoral and nomadic tribes in the region of Edom situated in the South of present day Jordan. The engraved Tridacna shells could have been traded toward the West by Phoenician sailing merchants but this is not the only possible means of distribution.Show less
Zowel het Executief Functioneren als temperament zijn onderliggend aan gedrag en heel brein bepaald. Het doel van deze studie is het verband tussen deze twee constructen te onderzoeken bij kinderen...Show moreZowel het Executief Functioneren als temperament zijn onderliggend aan gedrag en heel brein bepaald. Het doel van deze studie is het verband tussen deze twee constructen te onderzoeken bij kinderen van 2 tot en met 5 jaar. Voor jonge kinderen is dit verband nog niet eerder onderzocht. De vragenlijsten BRIEF-P, en ECBQ of CBQ zijn afgenomen bij 657 kinderen. Correlationeel onderzoek is uitgevoerd om het verband tussen de verschillende componenten van temperament (Effortful Control, Negatieve Emotionaliteit en Extraversie) en EF te onderzoeken. De resultaten hebben aangetoond dat EF redelijk samenhangt met temperament en dat deze samenhang vooral wordt veroorzaakt door de hoge correlatie met negatieve emotionaliteit. Dit onderzoek toont aan dat kinderen die problemen hebben met EF beschikken over minder goede zelfregulerende eigenschappen, meer negatieve emoties vertonen en gemiddeld extraverter zijn dan kinderen die geen problemen ondervinden op het gebied van EF. Voor jongens was het verband tussen EF en temperament op tweejarige leeftijd het sterkt, de sterkte nam af naarmate zij ouder werden. Voor de meisjes echter was deze relatie op vierjarige leeftijd het sterkst, bij hen was de sterkte van het verband niet stabiel voor leeftijd. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat er sprake is van een redelijk verband tussen EF en temperament en zowel sekse als leeftijd spelen daarbij een rol.Show less
On the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts artifacts have been found at Pakefield and Happisburgh 3, indicating the presence of hominid activity. These artifacts were assigned to the organic layers of the...Show moreOn the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts artifacts have been found at Pakefield and Happisburgh 3, indicating the presence of hominid activity. These artifacts were assigned to the organic layers of the Cromer Forest-bed Formation. Pakefield is dated to 700 ka and resembled a Mediterranean climate, while the Happisburgh 3 artifacts are associated with a temperate boreal climate with an age of 780 ka. Research in understanding the Palaeolandscape and climate needs to be conducted on the organic layers at the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts. In this paper the lower organic layer at Beeston has been investigated. The research in this paper identified the macrofossils of 200 cubic centimeters from the first ten centimeters of the top of the lower organic layer. The local vegetation is consistent with a Potometea community, the local environment is a flooded basin or back-swamp in a River delta with some marine influences, and the climate represents a temperate climate. Other research of the layer as a quickscan of macrofossils through the entire layer shows no significant change of vegetation in the layer. Therefore we can assume that the layer represents one distinguished type of vegetation. Pollen data in the 10-11 centimeters of the layer shows an abundance of boreal mixed forests with wetland conditions. The identified local environment, vegetation, and climate is also found in the West Runton Freshwater Bed (MIS 15-17) and Happisburgh 3 (MIS 21,25). The West Runton Freshwater Bed is part of the hypothetical “Ancaster River”. The resemblance in vegetation and climate of Happisburgh 3 and Beeston indicates a possible presence of hominid activity within the lower organic layer of Beeston. However, the presenceof hominids and age of the lower organic layer cannot yet be determined.Show less
Onverwachte stress of een extreme vorm van stress kan leiden tot chronische stress of traumatische stress. Wanneer deze vorm van stress ontstaat, kunnen verschillende klachten zich voordoen. Zoals...Show moreOnverwachte stress of een extreme vorm van stress kan leiden tot chronische stress of traumatische stress. Wanneer deze vorm van stress ontstaat, kunnen verschillende klachten zich voordoen. Zoals posttraumatische stressstoornis en acute stressstoornis. Deze westerse ziektebeelden zijn vormen van geestelijke stoornissen die veroorzaakt worden door een traumatische ervaring. De symptomen die de patiënten ervaren worden voornamelijk gekenmerkt door aanhoudende angst. Een Latijns-Amerikaans ziektebeeld dat in etnografische werken vaak gekoppeld wordt aan posttraumatische stress is susto. Deze ziekte wordt in de inheemse visie veroorzaakt door een schrikervaring. Door deze schrikervaring kan er zielsverlies bij het slachtoffer optreden, waarna een aantal klachten zich kunnen voordoen zoals depressie, verlies van eetlust en gewichtsverlies. Als susto inderdaad hetzelfde is als een geestelijke stoornis veroorzaak door een trauma, dan zouden deze ziektebeelden dezelfde oorzaken en symptomen vertonen. Na het analyseren van de ziektebeelden bleek dat susto en geestelijke stoornissen veroorzaakt door trauma’s overeenkomsten maar ook verschillen met elkaar hebben. De oorzaak hiervoor is het feit dat er twee oorzaken voor susto zijn, namelijk chronische stress en traumatische stress. Dit werd in de gebruikte etnografische bronnen niet opgemerkt, waardoor de informatie ongedifferentiëerd over de beide vormen van susto gaat. Er kan dus gezegd worden dat er een vorm van susto bestaat die overeen kan komen met een geestelijke stoornis veroorzaakt door een trauma. Om een duidelijke vergelijking te kunnen maken tussen susto en een geestelijke stoornis veroorzaakt door een trauma moet er eerst een systematisch onderzoek gedaan worden, om het concept van susto veroorzaakt door een trauma scherp in kaart te brengen.Show less
Age-related bone loss has been receiving a lot of attention in recent years in an attempt to assess and treat conditions that are affected by bone loss such as osteopenia. Current bone loss...Show moreAge-related bone loss has been receiving a lot of attention in recent years in an attempt to assess and treat conditions that are affected by bone loss such as osteopenia. Current bone loss influences are reviewed as well as an overview of bone loss assessment in archaeological material. This research evaluated age-related bone loss in a 19th Century Dutch osteoarchaeological population to determine frailty rates through Quantitaitive Computed Tomography (QCT) and Dual- Energy X-ray Absoorptiometry (DEXA) of loading (femur) and non-loading (humerus) elements. An examination of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and volumatic (vBMD) were explored in correlation to trabecular architecture. It was determined bone loss was present within in the population however, the onset of osteoporotic fracture risk was unable to be determined. Male loading and non-loading bones exhibit consistent changes in trabecular connectivity and connectivity volume while females are more likely affected by an increase in trabecular bone volume. Humeral BMC data between DEXA and QCT indicated that a possible calibration curve can be determined suggesting that the humerus is a good indicator of age-related bone loss. Subsequently, the term “osteopenia” was determined to be invalid for this assessment and the term “bone loss” is thus suggested to be used.Show less
